{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:20:51Z","timestamp":1775816451713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects of Hubei Province","award":["2021BID011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID011"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program Projects of Hubei Province","award":["2018YFC1406102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1406102"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021BID011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BID011"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1406102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1406102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) is equipped with an Advanced Terrain Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) with the capability of penetrating water bodies, making it a widely utilized tool for the bathymetry of various aquatic environments. However, the laser sensor often encounters a significant number of noise photons due to various factors such as sunlight, water quality, and after-pulse effect. These noise photons significantly compromise the accuracy of bathymetry measurements. In an effort to address this issue, this study proposes a two-step method for photon denoising by utilizing a method combining the DBSCAN algorithm and a two-dimensional window filter, achieving an F1 score of 0.94. A robust M-estimation method was employed to estimate the water depth of the denoised and refraction-corrected bathymetric photons, achieving an RMSE of 0.30 m. The method proposed in this paper preserves as much information as possible about signal photons, increases the number of bathymetric points, enhances the resistance to gross error, and guarantees the accuracy of bathymetry measurements while outlining the underwater topography. While the method is not fully automated and requires setting parameters, the fixed parameter values allow for efficient batch denoising of underwater photon points in different environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T01:35:00Z","timestamp":1681349700000},"page":"2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Robust Algorithm for Photon Denoising and Bathymetric Estimation Based on ICESat-2 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junsheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0045-9642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2034765","article-title":"The ICESat-2 Laser Altimetry Mission","volume":"98","author":"Abdalati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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