{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:30:58Z","timestamp":1772591458358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INGV project","award":["D59C19000130005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D59C19000130005"]}]},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","award":["D59C19000130005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D59C19000130005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From December 2020 to February 2022, 66 lava fountains (LF) occurred at Etna volcano (Italy). Despite their short duration (an average of about two hours), they produced a strong impact on human life, environment, and air traffic. In this work, the measurements collected from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) instrument, on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite, are processed every 15 min to characterize the volcanic clouds produced during the activities. In particular, a quantitative estimation of volcanic cloud top height (VCTH) and ash\/ice\/SO2 masses\u2019 time series are obtained. VCTHs are computed by integrating three different retrieval approaches based on coldest pixel detection, plume tracking, and HYSPLIT models, while particles and gas retrievals are realized simultaneously by exploiting the Volcanic Plume Retrieval (VPR) real-time procedure. The discrimination between ashy and icy pixels is carried out by applying the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) method with thresholds obtained by making specific Radiative Transfer Model simulations. Results indicate a VCTH variation during the entire period between 4 and 13 km, while the SO2, ash, and ice total masses reach maximum values of about 50, 100, and 300 Gg, respectively. The cumulative ash, ice, and SO2 emitted from all the 2020\u20132022 LFs in the atmosphere are about 750, 2300, and 670 Gg, respectively. All the retrievals indicate that the overall activity can be grouped into 3 main periods in which it passes from high (December 2020 to March 2021), low (March to June 2021), and medium\/high (June 2021 to February 2022). The different products have been validated by using TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) polar satellite sensor, Volcano Observatory Notices for Aviation (VONA) bulletins, and by processing the SEVIRI data considering a different and more accurate retrieval approach. The products\u2019 cross-comparison shows a generally good agreement, except for the SO2 total mass in case of high ash\/ice content in the volcanic cloud.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:33:26Z","timestamp":1681360406000},"page":"2055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Volcanic Clouds Characterization of the 2020\u20132022 Sequence of Mt. Etna Lava Fountains Using MSG-SEVIRI and Products\u2019 Cross-Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti, 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Corradini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti, 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Theys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Stelitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti, 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Merucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti, 00143 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-006-0052-y","article-title":"The Respiratory Health Hazards of Volcanic Ash: A Review for Volcanic Risk Mitigation","volume":"69","author":"Horwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.08.011","article-title":"Physicochemical and Toxicological Profiling of Ash from the 2010 and 2011 Eruptions of Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull and Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn Volcanoes, Iceland Using a Rapid Respiratory Hazard Assessment Protocol","volume":"127","author":"Horwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AAC-7","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD002042","article-title":"Atmospheric and Environmental Effects of the 1783\u20131784 Laki Eruption: A Review and Reassessment","volume":"108","author":"Thordarson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13617-016-0046-1","article-title":"Impacts to Agriculture and Critical Infrastructure in Argentina after Ashfall from the 2011 Eruption of the Cord\u00f3n Caulle Volcanic Complex: An Assessment of Published Damage and Function Thresholds","volume":"5","author":"Craig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.06.006","article-title":"Volcanic Ash Impacts on Critical Infrastructure","volume":"45\u201346","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-6154-8","article-title":"Road Marking Coverage by Volcanic Ash: An Experimental Approach","volume":"75","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000054","article-title":"Volcanic Eruptions and Climate","volume":"38","author":"Robock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000078","article-title":"Estimates of the Direct and Indirect Radiative Forcing Due to Tropospheric Aerosols: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Haywood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2003.213.01.20","article-title":"Changes in Stratospheric Composition, Chemistry, Radiation and Climate Caused by Volcanic Eruptions","volume":"213","author":"Grainger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206027","article-title":"The Persistently Variable \u201cBackground\u201d Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Global Climate Change","volume":"333","author":"Solomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219371","article-title":"(Ted); Degenstein, D.A. Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport","volume":"337","author":"Bourassa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(94)90038-8","article-title":"The 1989\u20131990 Eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Impacts on Aircraft Operations","volume":"62","author":"Casadevall","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2011.73.13","article-title":"Sulfur Degassing From Volcanoes: Source Conditions, Surveillance, Plume Chemistry and Earth System Impacts","volume":"73","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG4005","DOI":"10.1029\/2007RG000244","article-title":"Excess Degassing from Volcanoes and Its Role on Eruptive and Intrusive Activity","volume":"46","author":"Shinohara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.021","article-title":"The Continuing Story of Etna\u2019s New Southeast Crater (2012\u20132014): Evolution and Volume Calculations Based on Field Surveys and Aerophotogrammetry","volume":"303","author":"Behncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.018","article-title":"Monitoring the December 2015 Summit Eruptions of Mt. Etna (Italy): Implications on Eruptive Dynamics","volume":"341","author":"Corsaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2018.05.015","article-title":"Shallow Factors Controlling the Explosivity of Basaltic Magmas: The 17\u201325 May 2016 Eruption of Etna Volcano (Italy)","volume":"357","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laiolo, M., Ripepe, M., Cigolini, C., Coppola, D., Della Schiava, M., Genco, R., Innocenti, L., Lacanna, G., Marchetti, E., and Massimetti, F. (2019). Space- and Ground-Based Geophysical Data Tracking of Magma Migration in Shallow Feeding System of Mount Etna Volcano. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101182"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvari, S., Bilotta, G., Bonaccorso, A., Caltabiano, T., Cappello, A., Corradino, C., Del Negro, C., Ganci, G., Neri, M., and Pecora, E. (2020). The VEI 2 Christmas 2018 Etna Eruption: A Small But Intense Eruptive Event or the Starting Phase of a Larger One?. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-9120"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/ter.12403","article-title":"Large Dyke Intrusion and Small Eruption: The December 24, 2018 Mt. Etna Eruption Imaged by Sentinel-1 Data","volume":"31","author":"Bonforte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, S., Guerrieri, L., Stelitano, D., Salerno, G., Scollo, S., Merucci, L., Prestifilippo, M., Musacchio, M., Silvestri, M., and Lombardo, V. (2020). Near Real-Time Monitoring of the Christmas 2018 Etna Eruption Using SEVIRI and Products Validation. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081336"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, S., Guerrieri, L., Brenot, H., Clarisse, L., Merucci, L., Pardini, F., Prata, A.J., Realmuto, V.J., Stelitano, D., and Theys, N. (2021). Tropospheric Volcanic SO2 Mass and Flux Retrievals from Satellite. The Etna December 2018 Eruption. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112225"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvari, S., Bonaccorso, A., and Ganci, G. (2021). Anatomy of a Paroxysmal Lava Fountain at Etna Volcano: The Case of the 12 March 2021, Episode. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153052"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvari, S., and Nunnari, G. (2022). Comparison between Automated and Manual Detection of Lava Fountains from Fixed Monitoring Thermal Cameras at Etna Volcano, Italy. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102392"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"114","article-title":"WP3 Sviluppo di procedure automatiche per l\u2019integrazione nelle sale operative di misure, modelli predittivi e prodotti di ricerca dell\u2019INGV\u2014Procedure automatiche per la rilevazione e la stima dei parametri delle nubi vulcaniche da satellite","volume":"57","author":"Stelitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Miscellanea INGV"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurdsson, H. (2000). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1325206"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9273-z","article-title":"Satellite Detection of Hazardous Volcanic Clouds and the Risk to Global Air Traffic","volume":"51","author":"Prata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sigurdsson, H. (2015). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 52."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00L21","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013634","article-title":"Volcanic Ash and SO2 in the 2008 Kasatochi Eruption: Retrievals Comparison from Different IR Satellite Sensors","volume":"115","author":"Corradini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1315-2013","article-title":"A New Simplified Approach for Simultaneous Retrieval of SO2 and Ash Content of Tropospheric Volcanic Clouds: An Application to the Mt Etna Volcano","volume":"6","author":"Pugnaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16308","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052566","article-title":"Improving on Mass Flow Rate Estimates of Volcanic Eruptions: MASS FLOW RATE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS","volume":"39","author":"Degruyter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011478","article-title":"Dynamics of Wind-Affected Volcanic Plumes: The Example of the 2011 Cord\u00f3n Caulle Eruption, Chile: The 2011 Cord\u00f3n Caulle Eruption","volume":"120","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.005","article-title":"Estimating the Total Mass Emitted by the Eruption of Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull in 2010 Using Plume-Rise Models","volume":"326","author":"Devenish","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-4695-2018","article-title":"Reconstructing Volcanic Plume Evolution Integrating Satellite and Ground-Based Data: Application to the 23 November 2013 Etna Eruption","volume":"18","author":"Poret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757615","article-title":"Retrieval of Microphysical and Morphological Properties of Volcanic Ash Plumes from Satellite Data: Application to Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand","volume":"127","author":"Prata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, S., Guerrieri, L., Lombardo, V., Merucci, L., Musacchio, M., Prestifilippo, M., Scollo, S., Silvestri, M., Spata, G., and Stelitano, D. (2018). Proximal Monitoring of the 2011\u20132015 Etna Lava Fountains Using MSG-SEVIRI Data. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8040140"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.016","article-title":"Evolution of the 2011 Mt. Etna Ash and SO2 Lava Fountain Episodes Using SEVIRI Data and VPR Retrieval Approach","volume":"291","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Draxler, R.R. (1999). NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-230, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00110.1","article-title":"NOAA\u2019s HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modelling System","volume":"96","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.06.025","article-title":"Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display SYstem: READY","volume":"95","author":"Rolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merucci, L., Zak\u0161ek, K., Carboni, E., and Corradini, S. (2016). Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030206"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.12.008","article-title":"Retrieval and Intercomparison of Volcanic SO2 Injection Height and Eruption Time from Satellite Maps and Ground-Based Observations","volume":"331","author":"Pardini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903916","article-title":"Observations of Volcanic Ash Clouds in the 10\u201312 \u03bcm Window Using AVHRR\/2 Data","volume":"10","author":"Prata","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i011p01293","article-title":"Infrared Radiative Transfer Calculations for Volcanic Ash Clouds","volume":"16","author":"Prata","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00231-0","article-title":"Comments on \u201cFailures in Detecting Volcanic Ash from a Satellite-Based Technique","volume":"78","author":"Prata","year":"2001","journal-title":"\u201d Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023550","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3046674","article-title":"Etna Tropospheric Ash Retrieval and Sensitivity Analysis Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Measurements","volume":"2","author":"Corradini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.000564","article-title":"Infrared Optical Constants of Ammonium Sulfate, Sahara Dust, Volcanic Pumice, and Flyash","volume":"12","author":"Volz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Comeron, A., Carleer, M.R., Picard, R.H., and Sifakis, N.I. (2004). MODTRAN5: A Reformulated Atmospheric Band Model with Auxiliary Species and Practical Multiple Scattering Options, Maspalomas."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-3053-2016","article-title":"Real Time Retrieval of Volcanic Cloud Particles and SO2 by Satellite Using an Improved Simplified Approach","volume":"9","author":"Pugnaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-177-2009","article-title":"Retrieval of SO2 from Thermal Infrared Satellite Measurements: Correction Procedures for the Effects of Volcanic Ash","volume":"2","author":"Corradini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4401\/ag-6616","article-title":"Volcanic Ash and SO2 Retrievals Using Synthetic MODIS TIR Data: Comparison between Inversion Procedures and Sensitivity Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Corradini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scollo, S., Prestifilippo, M., Bonadonna, C., Cioni, R., Corradini, S., Degruyter, W., Rossi, E., Silvestri, M., Biale, E., and Carparelli, G. (2019). Near-Real-Time Tephra Fallout Assessment at Mt. Etna, Italy. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242987"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.027","article-title":"TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: A GMES Mission for Global Observations of the Atmospheric Composition for Climate, Air Quality and Ozone Layer Applications","volume":"120","author":"Veefkind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-4801-2022","article-title":"Improved Retrieval of SO 2 Plume Height from TROPOMI Using an Iterative Covariance-Based Retrieval Algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Theys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AAC-10","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000706","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction for Satellite-Based Volcanic Ash Mapping and Retrievals Using \u201cSplit Window\u201d IR Data from GOES and AVHRR","volume":"107","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1824.1","article-title":"Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature","volume":"20","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-8-165-2016","article-title":"A Long-Term Record of Blended Satellite and in Situ Sea-Surface Temperature for Climate Monitoring, Modelling and Environmental Studies","volume":"8","author":"Banzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0166.1","article-title":"Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008","article-title":"A Multidisciplinary Effort to Assign Realistic Source Parameters to Models of Volcanic Ash-Cloud Transport and Dispersion during Eruptions","volume":"186","author":"Mastin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganci, G., Bilotta, G., Zuccarello, F., Calvari, S., and Cappello, A. (2023). A Multi-Sensor Satellite Approach to Characterize the Volcanic Deposits Emitted during Etna\u2019s lava Fountaining: The 2020\u20132022 Study Case. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040916"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:19Z","timestamp":1760123719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15082055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15082055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]}}}