{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:17:14Z","timestamp":1768979834411,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62131001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62131001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KM202210009004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202210009004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["62201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201011"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["62131001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62131001"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KM202210009004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202210009004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The single channel Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar (CSAR) has the advantage of continuous surveillance of a fixed scene of interest, which can provide high frame rate image sequences to detect ground moving targets. Recent image-sequence-based CSAR moving target detection methods utilize the fact that the target signal moves fast in the image sequence. Knowledge of the target\u2019s image trace(moving trace in the image sequence, which is equal to a target signature\u2019s morphology in a full aperture CSAR image) can help design better detection methods. However, previous signature morphology studies are based on linear track geometry assumptions, which cannot handle CSAR\u2019s nonlinear track. Hence, this paper proposes a new image trace method based on the range-Doppler principle. The proposed method can deduct the exact analytic function of an arbitrary moving target\u2019s image trace in CSAR. The method assumes radar operates in side-looking mode and that the target moves on the ground plane. It combines the range-Doppler equations(i.e., iso-range and iso-Doppler relation) and Cartesian transformation between the ground and radar coordinate system to obtain the parametric functions of the image trace. Based on the method, three types of target motion (including linear and nonlinear motion) are analyzed. The proposed method is validated with both simulated and real data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T04:54:24Z","timestamp":1681448064000},"page":"2073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Range-Doppler Based Moving Target Image Trace Analysis Method in Circular SAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7442-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1971.310292","article-title":"Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radar and Moving Targets","volume":"AES-7","author":"Raney","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19990106","article-title":"Space-time processing for multichannel synthetic aperture radar","volume":"11","author":"Ender","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electron. Commun. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2438898","article-title":"Multichannel SAR-GMTI in Maritime Scenarios With F-SAR and TerraSAR-X Sensors","volume":"8","author":"Makhoul","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2009.5109948","article-title":"Airborne along-track interferometry for GMTI","volume":"24","author":"Chapin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2048572","article-title":"Detection of moving targets by focusing in UWB SAR Theory and experimental results","volume":"48","author":"Vu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1109\/7.953237","article-title":"Detecting moving targets in SAR imagery by focusing","volume":"37","author":"Fienup","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Hong, W., Tan, W., Wang, Y., and Xiang, M. (2012, January 22\u201327). Airborne circular SAR imaging: Results at P-band. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352051"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2166081","article-title":"Circular-Aperture VHF-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar for Detection of Vehicles in Forest Concealment","volume":"50","author":"Frolind","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantalloube, H.M.J., Koeniguer, E.C., and Oriot, H. (2007, January 23\u201327). High resolution SAR imaging along circular trajectories. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4422930"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"241","article-title":"Study on geosynchronous circular SAR","volume":"4","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2429915","article-title":"Motion and Doppler Characteristics Analysis Based on Circular Motion Model in Geosynchronous SAR","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W., Lin, Y., Yu, L., Xue, F., and Hong, W. (2018). Single Channel Circular SAR Moving Target Detection Based on Logarithm Background Subtraction Algorithm. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050742"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2351419","article-title":"Ground Moving Target Trajectory Reconstruction in Single-Channel Circular SAR","volume":"53","author":"Poisson","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1109\/36.951089","article-title":"Theory of synthetic aperture radar imaging of a moving target","volume":"39","author":"Jao","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.120373","article-title":"Moving target trajectories in low-frequency SAR imagery","volume":"50","author":"Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2013.0169","article-title":"Smear signature morphology of surface targets with arbitrary motion in spotlight synthetic aperture radar imagery","volume":"8","author":"Garren","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2416066","article-title":"Theory of Two-Dimensional Signature Morphology for Arbitrarily Moving Surface Targets in Squinted Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"53","author":"Garren","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2436371","article-title":"Signature Morphology Effects of Squint Angle for Arbitrarily Moving Surface Targets in Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"53","author":"Garren","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2010.5417175","article-title":"Target Motion Ambiguities in Single-Aperture Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"46","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"769906","article-title":"SAR image formation toolbox for MATLAB","volume":"7699","author":"Gorham","year":"2010","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"73370G","article-title":"A challenge problem for SAR-based GMTI in urban environments","volume":"7337","author":"Scarborough","year":"2009","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"80510P","article-title":"Along-track interferometry for simultaneous SAR and GMTI: Application to Gotcha challenge data","volume":"Volume 8051","author":"Zelnio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XVIII"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2011.0157","article-title":"Indication of slowly moving ground targets in non-Gaussian clutter using multi- channel synthetic aperture radar","volume":"6","author":"Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"90930U","article-title":"Simultaneous SAR and GMTI using ATI\/DPCA","volume":"Volume 9093","author":"Zelnio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XXI"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130596","article-title":"Joint synthetic aperture radar and space-time adaptive processing on a single receive channel","volume":"51","author":"Riedl","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2016.150712","article-title":"Robust SAR STAP via Kronecker decomposition","volume":"52","author":"Greenewald","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8668","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2922649","article-title":"Refocusing of Ground Moving Target in Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4505505","article-title":"Single-Channel Circular SAR Ground Moving Target Detection Based on LRSD and Adaptive Threshold Detector","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2269194","article-title":"Fully Polarimetric High-Resolution 3-D Imaging with Circular SAR at L-Band","volume":"52","author":"Ponce","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2073\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:50Z","timestamp":1760123750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15082073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15082073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]}}}