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As urbanization continues to accelerate, human activity and landscape configuration and composition interact to complicate the UTE. However, the differences in UTE-driven mechanisms at different stages of urbanization remain unclear. In this study, the UTE of Shenyang was measured quantitatively by using the land surface temperature (LST). The spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics were chronologically studied using the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) and hotspot analysis (Getis\u2013Ord Gi*). Then, the relationship between human activities, landscape composition and landscape configuration and LST was explored in a hierarchical manner by applying the geographical detector. The results show that the UTE in Shenyang continues to deteriorate with rapid urbanization, with significant spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics. The class-level landscape configuration is more important than that at the landscape level when studying UTE-driven mechanisms. At the class level, the increased area and abundance of cropland can effectively reduce LST, while those of impervious surfaces can increase LST. At the landscape level, LST is mainly influenced by landscape composition and human activities. Due to rapid urbanization, the nonlinear relationship between most drivers and LST shifts to near-linear. In the later stage of urbanization, more attention needs to be paid to the effect of the interaction of drivers on LST. At the class level, the interaction between landscape configuration indices for impervious surfaces, cropland and water significantly influenced LST. At the landscape level, the interactions among the normalized difference building index (NDBI) and other selected factors are significant. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of urban planning strategies to optimize the UTE for different stages of urbanization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"2075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Driving Mechanism of Differentiation in Urban Thermal Environment during Rapid Urbanization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Design, School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3721-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning and Transportation Research Group, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhitao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Transport Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Design, School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Design, School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Design, College of Art and Design, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Rural Planning, School of Architecture and Planning, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban and Data Science Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzaei, M., Verrelst, J., Arbabi, M., Shaklabadi, Z., and Lotfizadeh, M. 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