{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:04:32Z","timestamp":1760148272696,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2020YFE0201500","XLYC2001002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0201500","XLYC2001002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018617","name":"Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFE0201500","XLYC2001002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0201500","XLYC2001002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dalian Naval Academy Teaching and Research Capability Support Program","award":["2020YFE0201500","XLYC2001002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0201500","XLYC2001002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine oil spills have caused severe environmental pollution with long-term toxic effects on marine ecosystems and coastal habitants. Hyperspectral remote sensing is currently used in efforts to respond to oil spills. Spectral unmixing plays a key role in hyperspectral imaging because of its ability to extract accurate fractional abundances of constituent materials from spectrums collected by sensors. However, multiple oil-propagating processes provide different mixing states of oil and water, thereby involving complicated, nonlinear mixing effects between in-depth elements in water, especially those with a low concentration. Therefore, an accurate inversion of material abundance remains a challenging yet fundamental task. This study proposes an unmixing method with normalizers in a combined polynomial and sine model to resolve overfitting problems. An energy information-based wavelet package scheme effectively highlights the latent information of the concerned material. Experimental analyses of synthetic and real data indicate that the proposed method shows superior unmixing performance, especially in delivering more accurate abundance estimations of different background oil concentration levels as low as a fractional abundance of 10\u22125, and can be used for long-term monitoring of oil propagation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T10:29:16Z","timestamp":1681468156000},"page":"2079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Energy-Based Unmixing Method for Low Background Concentration Oil Spills at Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0237-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huimin","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"},{"name":"Department of Basic Science, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian 116029, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2012.62.6.7","article-title":"Oil Impacts on Coastal Wetlands: Implications for the Mississippi River Delta Ecosystem after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill","volume":"62","author":"Irving","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109545108","article-title":"Genomic and physiological footprint of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on resident marsh fishes","volume":"109","author":"Whitehead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. 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