{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:37:15Z","timestamp":1780069035989,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EUMETSAT OSI SAF CDOP4","award":["FY-APP-2021.0510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2021.0510"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Satellite Application Pilot Plan","award":["FY-APP-2021.0510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2021.0510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>FY-3E WindRAD (Fengyun-3E Wind Radar) is a dual-frequency rotating fan-beam scatterometer. Its data characteristics, NOC (NWP Ocean Calibration), and wind retrieval performance are investigated in this paper. The diversity of the radar view geometry varies across the swaths, with maximum diversity in the sweet swaths and limited diversity in the outer and nadir swaths. When NOC backscatter calibration coefficients are computed as a function of incidence angle only (NOCint), a smooth correction is found. However, when relative antenna azimuth angle is included (NOCant), it appears that the corrections as a function of relative azimuth angle vary harmonically and substantially for a specific incidence angle. NOCant corrections yield a better fit of the measurements to the GMF (Geophysical Model Function). Hence, NOCant is applied for the analysis of wind retrieval from the Ku-band and C-band. An extra engineering correction of 0.15 dB and 0.20 dB is applied on Ku-band and C-band backscatter values, respectively, to reduce the wind speed bias without increasing the standard deviation. Overall, NOCant is the best option for both channels. In addition, the instrument backscatter data stability over time is good, and the retrieved winds can fulfill operational requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:02:59Z","timestamp":1681696979000},"page":"2087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["First Results from the WindRAD Scatterometer on Board FY-3E: Data Analysis, Calibration and Wind Retrieval Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Verhoef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad","family":"Stoffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangli","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1304-7","article-title":"FY-3E: The First Operational Meteorological Satellite Mission in an Early Morning Orbit","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"ASCAT - Metop\u2019s advanced scatterometer","volume":"102","author":"Gelsthorpe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Esa-Bull.-Eur. Space Agency"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.658685","article-title":"The HY-2 satellite and its preliminary assessment","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, P., Jyoti, R., and Gupta, P. (2023). An Advanced Ku-band Fine-Resolution and High-Sensitivity Wind Scatterometer. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3242963"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-3573-2019","article-title":"A Generalized Simulation Capability for Rotating Beam Scatterometers","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8793","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2990708","article-title":"First Results from the Rotating Fan Beam Scatterometer Onboard CFOSAT","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EA001606","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001606","article-title":"Numerical Weather Prediction Ocean Calibration for the Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite Wind Scatterometer and Wind Retrieval Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2685242","article-title":"Improved Use of Scatterometer Measurements by Using Stress-Equivalent Reference Winds","volume":"10","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012619","article-title":"An SST-dependent Ku-band geophysical model function for RapidScat","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2681806","article-title":"The CMOD7 Geophysical Model Function for ASCAT and ERS Wind Retrievals","volume":"10","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3011","article-title":"A comparative study of several wind estimation algorithms for spaceborne scatterometers","volume":"26","author":"Chi","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9743","DOI":"10.1029\/JC094iC07p09743","article-title":"Probabilities and statistics for backscatter estimates obtained by a scatterometer","volume":"94","author":"Pierson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.807750","article-title":"Characterization of Residual Information for SeaWinds Quality Control","volume":"40","author":"Portabella","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2004.02054.x","article-title":"Bayesian Analysis of the Scatterometer Wind Retrieval Inverse Problem: Some New Approaches","volume":"66","author":"Cornford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.862502","article-title":"On Bayesian Scatterometer Wind Inversion","volume":"44","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1997)014<1298:SDIMSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scatterometer data interpretation: Measurement space and inversion","volume":"14","author":"Stoffelen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3349","article-title":"Improvements in Ku-band scatterometer wind ambiguity removal using ASCAT-based empirical background error correlations","volume":"144","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1999)016<0283:SBBUOO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scatterometer Beam Balancing Using Open-Ocean Backscatter Measurements","volume":"16","author":"Freilich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1999)016<0275:ASMFCO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Simple Method for Calibration of a Scatterometer over the Ocean","volume":"16","author":"Stofflen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2180730","article-title":"Improved ASCAT wind retrieval using NWP ocean calibration","volume":"50","author":"Verspeek","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, R., Stofflen, A., Verspeek, J., and Verhoef, A. (2012, January 22\u201327). NWP ocean calibration of Ku-band scatterometers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6350970"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11499","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02148","article-title":"A model function for the ocean-nornalized radar cross section at 14 GHz derived from NSCAT observatioen","volume":"104","author":"Wentz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Portabella, M. (2002). Wind Field Retrieval from Satellite Radar Systems. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Barcelona]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<1171:RDAQCO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Rain Detection and Quality Control of SeaWinds","volume":"18","author":"Portabella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1232.1","article-title":"Validation of Two-Dimensional Variational Ambiguity Removal on SeaWinds Scatterometer Data","volume":"26","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogelzang, J., and Stoffelen, A. (2022). On the Accuracy and Consistency of Quintuple Collocation Analysis of In Situ, Scatterometer, and NWP Winds. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184552"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2623861","article-title":"ASCAT Ultrahigh-Resolution Wind Products on Optimized Grids","volume":"10","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Grieco, G., Portabella, M., Vogelzang, J., Verhoef, A., and Stoffelen, A. (2020). Initial Development of Pencil-Beam Scatterometer Coastal Processing, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Technical Report."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:16:29Z","timestamp":1760123789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15082087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15082087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]}}}