{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T12:36:00Z","timestamp":1775219760055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land subsidence in coastal and delta cities often results in infrastructure and residential building damages, while also increasing the area\u2019s flooding vulnerability. The coastal cities of Messolonghi and Aitolikon are typical examples, as they are built on top of old stream deposits near the coast. In the last several years, the gradual subsidence of the sites, combined with the impact of climate change, resulted in multiple floods. The rush of seawater over the lowlands has also been reported. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is a remote-sensing technique that can provide a reliable and cost-effective solution, as it can be used to identify and monitor soil displacements. In this study, a novel parallelized PSI (P-PSI) processing chain, developed by the Operational Unit Center for Earth Observation Research and Satellite Remote Sensing (BEYOND) of the National Observatory of Athens, as well as the Copernicus EGMS product were used to identify these displacements. The results were examined in correlation with other potential factors such as the overexploitation of the underground water, the natural compaction of the clay soil layers, the primary and secondary consolidation due to the external construction loading, the oxidation of the organic soils, tidal gauge data, precipitation data, and ground truth data. In Messolonghi, various deformation rates were recorded, with maximum mean values of \u22125 mm\/year in the eastern part, whereas in Aitolikon, the maximum values were around \u22124.5 mm\/year. The displacements were mostly attributed to the primary consolidation due to the building loads. Deformation patterns and their correlation with precipitation could also be witnessed. It was evident that the increased precipitation rates and sea level rise played a leading role in the constant flooding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:51:41Z","timestamp":1681710701000},"page":"2112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Land Subsidence Phenomena vs. Coastal Flood Hazard\u2014The Cases of Messolonghi and Aitolikon (Greece)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0708-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Antoniadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Geological Sciences, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, GR-157 80 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Alatza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Operational Unit BEYOND Centre for Earth Observation Research and Satellite Remote Sensing, Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, GR-152 36 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Loupasakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Geological Sciences, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, GR-157 80 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Charalampos (Haris)","family":"Kontoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Operational Unit BEYOND Centre for Earth Observation Research and Satellite Remote Sensing, Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, GR-152 36 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00149","article-title":"From ERS 1\/2 to Sentinel-1: Subsidence Monitoring in Italy in the Last Two Decades","volume":"6","author":"Solari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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