{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:04:41Z","timestamp":1760148281821,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNG17HP01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG17HP01C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Atmospheres, Modeling, and Data Assimilation (SAMDA)","award":["NNG17HP01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG17HP01C"]}]},{"name":"NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program","award":["NNG17HP01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG17HP01C"]}]},{"name":"NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS)","award":["NNG17HP01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG17HP01C"]}]},{"name":"NASA\u2019s Terra Project","award":["NNG17HP01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG17HP01C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stereo-winds method follows trackable atmospheric cloud features from multiple viewing perspectives over multiple times, generally involving multiple satellite platforms. Multi-temporal observations provide information about the wind velocity and the observed parallax between viewing perspectives provides information about the height. The stereo-winds method requires no prior assumptions about the thermal profile of the atmosphere to assign a wind height, since the height of the tracked feature is directly determined from the viewing geometry. The method is well developed for pairs of Geostationary (GEO) satellites and a GEO paired with a Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite. However, neither GEO-GEO nor GEO-LEO configurations provide coverage of the poles. In this paper, we develop the stereo-winds method for multi-LEO configurations, to extend coverage from pole to pole. The most promising multi-LEO constellation studied consists of Terra\/MODIS and Sentinel-3\/SLSTR. Stereo-wind products are validated using clear-sky terrain measurements, spaceborne LiDAR, and reanalysis winds for winter and summer over both poles. Applications of multi-LEO polar stereo winds range from polar atmospheric circulation to nighttime cloud identification. Low cloud detection during polar nighttime is extremely challenging for satellite remote sensing. The stereo-winds method can improve polar cloud observations in otherwise challenging conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T01:42:39Z","timestamp":1681954959000},"page":"2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-LEO Satellite Stereo Winds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carr Astronautics Corporation, Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong L.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariel D.","family":"Friberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}]},{"given":"Tyler C.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Application Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0033:CTWSIF>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud tracking with satellite imagery: From the pioneering work of Ted Fujita to the present","volume":"82","author":"Menzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. 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