{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T08:09:48Z","timestamp":1775894988990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund activity \u201cPost-doctoral Research Aid\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/4\/20\/666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/4\/20\/666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund activity \u201cPost-doctoral Research Aid\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1059B192000149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1059B192000149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"\u201cInvestigation on accuracy improvement of automated zenith camera\u2019s VESTA deflection of vertical measurements\u201d and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 2219 International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/4\/20\/666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/4\/20\/666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"\u201cInvestigation on accuracy improvement of automated zenith camera\u2019s VESTA deflection of vertical measurements\u201d and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 2219 International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1059B192000149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1059B192000149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, zenith telescope-based digital zenith cameras (DZC), such as the COmpact DIgital Astrometric Camera (CODIAC) and VErtical by STArs (VESTA), are used to determine highly precise astrogeodetic deflections of the vertical (DoVs). The CODIAC and VESTA were developed by Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich and University of Latvia, respectively, and only two CODIACs and four VESTAs were produced. The CODIAC has an established accuracy higher than 0.05\u2033, while the accuracy of VESTA is ~0.1\u2033. These two DZCs, which are the most used DZCs of the last decade, were used effectively over many survey campaigns. In this study, we used both the CODIAC and VESTA to conduct simultaneous observations at the School of Management and Engineering Vaud (HEIG-VD) in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland, over five nights in August 2021. Our DZC measurements with CODIAC and VESTA mark the second time that simultaneous parallel observations were made with two different DZCs. Additionally, the VESTA was never tested against another DZC through comparative simultaneous measurements. These comparative measurements between the VESTA and CODIAC allowed for VESTA precision validation and checking the agreement between the two DZCs. The results of repeated, comparative DoV observations over five nights at HEIG-VD revealed a DoV measurement precision of VESTA around 0.13\u20130.16\u2033 for 15 min long observation session and 0.10\u20130.13\u2033 for 50 min long observation session. Mean DoV differences between CODIAC and VESTA at HEIG-VD were 0.08\u2033 and \u22120.06\u2033 for the North\u2013South and East\u2013West components, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T01:42:39Z","timestamp":1681954959000},"page":"2166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative Measurements of Astrogeodetic Deflection of the Vertical by Latvian and Swiss Digital Zenith Cameras"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inese","family":"Varna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Willi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office of Topography swisstopo, 3084 Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0831-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Guillaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Territorial Engineering, La Haute Ecole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud (HEIG-VD), 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcge","family":"Albayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Territorial Engineering, La Haute Ecole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud (HEIG-VD), 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63300, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ansis","family":"Zarins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0282-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63300, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s001900050213","article-title":"An analysis of vertical deflections derived from high-degree spherical harmonic models","volume":"73","author":"Jekeli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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