{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T21:57:38Z","timestamp":1761429458877,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG1129","PRG1785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1129","PRG1785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG1129","PRG1785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1129","PRG1785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate determination of dynamic topography (DT) is expected to quantify a realistic sea surface with respect to its vertical datum and in identifying sub-mesoscale features of ocean dynamics. This study explores a method that derives DT by using satellite altimetry (SA) in conjunction with a high-resolution marine geoid model. To assess the method, DT was computed using along-track SA from Sentinel- 3A (S3A), Sentinel-3B (S3B), and Jason-3 (JA3), then compared with DT derived from a tide-gauge-corrected hydrodynamic model (HDM) for the period 2017\u20132019 over the Baltic Sea. Comparison of SA-derived DT and corrected HDM showed average discrepancies in the range of \u00b120 cm, with root mean square errors of 9 cm (for S3B) and 6 cm (for S3A and JA6) and a standard deviation between 2 and 16 cm. Inter-comparisons between data sources and multi-mission SA over the Baltic Sea also potentially identified certain persistent and semi-persistent problematic areas that are either associated with deficiencies in the geoid, tide gauge, HDM, and SA or a combination of all of these. In addition, it was observed that SA data have the potential to show a more realistic (detailed) variation of DT compared to HDM, which tended to generate only a smooth (low-pass) surface and underestimate DT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T01:33:43Z","timestamp":1682040823000},"page":"2189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Determination of Accurate Dynamic Topography for the Baltic Sea Using Satellite Altimetry and a Marine Geoid Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Delpeche-Ellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artu","family":"Ellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahidreza","family":"Jahanmard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2021.104421","article-title":"Realistic dynamic topography through coupling geoid and hydrodynamic models of the Baltic Sea","volume":"222","author":"Jahanmard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cont. 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