{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:05:05Z","timestamp":1770271505500,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN","award":["TED2021-132627B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132627B-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["SGR 2021-01333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2021-01333"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["CIVP20A6621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVP20A6621"]}]},{"name":"MCIN","award":["SR\/00\/334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/00\/334"]}]},{"name":"European NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["TED2021-132627B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132627B-I00"]}]},{"name":"European NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["SGR 2021-01333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2021-01333"]}]},{"name":"European NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["CIVP20A6621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVP20A6621"]}]},{"name":"European NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["SR\/00\/334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/00\/334"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Catalan government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-132627B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132627B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Catalan government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Catalan government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGR 2021-01333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2021-01333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Catalan government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIVP20A6621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVP20A6621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Catalan government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SR\/00\/334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/00\/334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008054","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-132627B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132627B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008054","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008054","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGR 2021-01333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2021-01333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008054","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIVP20A6621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVP20A6621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008054","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SR\/00\/334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/00\/334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-132627B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132627B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGR 2021-01333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2021-01333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIVP20A6621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIVP20A6621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SR\/00\/334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/00\/334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring gross primary production (GPP) is necessary for quantifying the terrestrial carbon balance. The near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) has been proven to be a good predictor of GPP. Given that radiation powers photosynthesis, we hypothesized that (i) the addition of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) information to NIRv would improve estimates of GPP and that (ii) a further improvement would be obtained by incorporating the estimates of radiation distribution in the canopy provided by the foliar clumping index (CI). Thus, we used GPP data from FLUXNET sites to test these possible improvements by comparing the performance of a model based solely on NIRv with two other models, one combining NIRv and PPFD and the other combining NIRv, PPFD and the CI of each vegetation cover type. We tested the performance of these models for different types of vegetation cover, at various latitudes and over the different seasons. Our results demonstrate that the addition of daily radiation information and the clumping index for each vegetation cover type to the NIRv improves its ability to estimate GPP. The improvement was related to foliage organization, given that the foliar distribution in the canopy (CI) affects radiation distribution and use and that radiation drives productivity. Evergreen needleleaf forests are the vegetation cover type with the greatest improvement in GPP estimation after the addition of CI information, likely as a result of their greater radiation constraints. Vegetation type was more determinant of the sensitivity to PPFD changes than latitude or seasonality. We advocate for the incorporation of PPFD and CI into NIRv algorithms and GPP models to improve GPP estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T10:11:25Z","timestamp":1682071885000},"page":"2207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Foliage Clumping Improve Satellite-Based NIRv Estimates of Gross Primary Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Filella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-3036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Descals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7888-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Balzarolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaofei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleixandre","family":"Verger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV, 46113 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongliang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LREIS, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043321","article-title":"Evaluating Parameter Adjustment in the MODIS Gross Primary Production Algorithm Based on Eddy Covariance Tower Measurements","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-Induced Reduction in Global","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965936","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/965936","article-title":"Modeling and Monitoring Terrestrial Primary Production in a Changing Global Environment: Toward a Multiscale Synthesis of Observation and Simulation","volume":"2014","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972","article-title":"Europe-Wide Reduction in Primary Productivity Caused by the Heat and Drought in 2003","volume":"437","author":"Ciais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Shukla, P.R., Skea, J., Calvo Buendia, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Zhai, P., Slade, R., Connors, S., and van Diemen, R. (2023, February 25). IPCC Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems; 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1602244","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602244","article-title":"Canopy Near-Infrared Reflectance and Terrestrial Photosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Badgley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14729","article-title":"Terrestrial Gross Primary Production: Using NIRV to Scale from Site to Globe","volume":"25","author":"Badgley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JG005534","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JG005534","article-title":"Outgoing Near-Infrared Radiation From Vegetation Scales With Canopy Photosynthesis Across a Spectrum of Function, Structure, Physiological Capacity, and Weather","volume":"125","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0806-0","article-title":"Light Limitation Regulates the Response of Autumn Terrestrial Carbon Uptake to Warming","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2307\/2401901","article-title":"Solar Radiation and Productivity in Tropical Ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Monteith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112763","article-title":"NIRVP: A Robust Structural Proxy for Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis across Scales","volume":"268","author":"Dechant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.05.028","article-title":"A Practical Approach for Estimating the Escape Ratio of Near-Infrared Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence","volume":"232","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JG006701","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JG006701","article-title":"The Diurnal Dynamics of Gross Primary Productivity Using Observations From the Advanced Baseline Imager on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series at an Oak Savanna Ecosystem","volume":"127","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.108878","article-title":"Matching High Resolution Satellite Data and Flux Tower Footprints Improves Their Agreement in Photosynthesis Estimates","volume":"316","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-281-2021","article-title":"A Daily, 250\u2009m and Real-Time Gross Primary Productivity Product (2000\u2013Present) Covering the Contiguous United States","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiation, Temperature, and Leaf Area Explain Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes in Boreal and Temperate European Forests","volume":"19","author":"Dolman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2018.06.006","article-title":"Spatial Pattern of GPP Variations in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Its Drivers: Climatic Factors, CO2 Concentration and Land-Cover Change, 1982\u20132015","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.08.017","article-title":"Modelling Five Years of Weather-Driven Variation of GPP in a Boreal Forest","volume":"139","author":"Kolari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-163-2010","article-title":"Autumn Temperature and Carbon Balance of a Boreal Scots Pine Forest in Southern Finland","volume":"7","author":"Vesala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16502","article-title":"Radiation-constrained Boundaries Cause Nonuniform Responses of the Carbon Uptake Phenology to Climatic Warming in the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"29","author":"Descals","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.05.009","article-title":"Climate Controls over the Net Carbon Uptake Period and Amplitude of Net Ecosystem Production in Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems","volume":"243","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.008","article-title":"Global Clumping Index Map Derived from the MODIS BRDF Product","volume":"119","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00992.x","article-title":"Defining Leaf Area Index for Non-Flat Leaves","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GB003996","article-title":"Effects of Foliage Clumping on the Estimation of Global Terrestrial Gross Primary Productivity","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00241-3","article-title":"Retrieval of Vegetation Clumping Index Using Hot Spot Signatures Measured by POLDER Instrument","volume":"79","author":"Lacaze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111722","article-title":"Reduction of Structural Impacts and Distinction of Photosynthetic Pathways in a Global Estimation of GPP from Space-Borne Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence","volume":"240","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0534-3","article-title":"The FLUXNET2015 Dataset and the ONEFlux Processing Pipeline for Eddy Covariance Data","volume":"7","author":"Pastorello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108374","article-title":"Canopy Clumping Index (CI): A Review of Methods, Characteristics, and Applications","volume":"303","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.003","article-title":"Global Mapping of Foliage Clumping Index Using Multi-Angular Satellite Data","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.039","article-title":"Estimation of Canopy Clumping Index from MISR and MODIS Sensors Using the Normalized Difference Hotspot and Darkspot (NDHD) Method: The Influence of BRDF Models and Solar Zenith Angle","volume":"187","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fang, H., and Wei, S. (2018). Global Vegetation Clumping Index Products (8-Days,500 m) (LIS-CI-A1) from 2001\u20132016, PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Found. Stat. Comput., 1, 1651."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(02)00200-4","article-title":"Evaluating Resource Selection Functions","volume":"157","author":"Boyce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","article-title":"Building Predictive Models in R Using the Caret Package","volume":"28","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[0953:AEFNFT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"ANPP Estimates from NDVI for the Central Grassland Region of the United States","volume":"78","author":"Paruelo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s100210000057","article-title":"Frequency and Extent of Water Limitation to Primary Production in a Mesic Temperate Grassland","volume":"4","author":"Knapp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/1943158","article-title":"Primary Production of the Central Grassland Region of the United States","volume":"69","author":"Sala","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90102-P","article-title":"Canopy Reflectance, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration. III. A Reanalysis Using Improved Leaf Models and a New Canopy Integration Scheme","volume":"42","author":"Sellers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1404165","article-title":"Influence of the Canopy BRDF Characteristics and Illumination Conditions on the Retrieval of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111860","article-title":"Re-Absorption and Scattering of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Canopies: A Revised Approach","volume":"246","author":"Romero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s100219900016","article-title":"Contrasting Climatic Controls on the Estimated Productivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes","volume":"1","author":"Churkina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapin, F.S., Matson, P.A., and Vitousek, P.M. (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b97397"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"191","article-title":"Global Synthesis of Leaf Area Index Observations","volume":"12","author":"Asner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Jin, G., and Qi, Y. (2012). Estimate of Leaf Area Index in an Old-Growth Mixed Broadleaved-Korean Pine Forest in Northeastern China. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/ac66c0af-51c4-4aaa-b966-2deb91cfd551"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.11.009","article-title":"An Indirect Method of Estimating Leaf Area Index in Jatropha Curcas L. Using LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer","volume":"150","author":"Behera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.010","article-title":"Mapping Tree and Shrub Leaf Area Indices in an Ombrotrophic Peatland through Multiple Endmember Spectral Unmixing","volume":"109","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.020","article-title":"The Effect of Spatial Resolution on the Accuracy of Leaf Area Index Estimation for a Forest Planted in the Desert Transition Zone","volume":"109","author":"Sprintsin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1109\/36.628798","article-title":"Four-Scale Bidirectional Reflectance Model Based on Canopy Architecture","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0133045100","article-title":"Cloud Cover Limits Net CO2 Uptake and Growth of a Rainforest Tree during Tropical Rainy Seasons","volume":"100","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16851","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD10p16851","article-title":"Atmosphere-Biosphere Exchange of CO2 and O3 in the Central Amazon Forest","volume":"95","author":"Fan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02459.x","article-title":"Seasonal Hysteresis of Net Ecosystem Exchange in Response to Temperature Change: Patterns and Causes","volume":"17","author":"Niu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:48Z","timestamp":1760124048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/8\/2207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15082207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15082207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}}}