{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:28:32Z","timestamp":1779006512221,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["2022ZB147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB147"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["SKS-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["2022ZDK026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDK026"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["2022ZB147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB147"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["SKS-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["2022ZDK026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDK026"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technological Project of the Ministry of Water Resources, P.R.C.","award":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technological Project of the Ministry of Water Resources, P.R.C.","award":["2022ZB147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB147"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technological Project of the Ministry of Water Resources, P.R.C.","award":["SKS-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technological Project of the Ministry of Water Resources, P.R.C.","award":["2022ZDK026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDK026"]}]},{"name":"Systematic Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety","award":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"]}]},{"name":"Systematic Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety","award":["2022ZB147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB147"]}]},{"name":"Systematic Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety","award":["SKS-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Systematic Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety","award":["2022ZDK026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDK026"]}]},{"name":"TianHe Qingsuo Project","award":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IWHR-SKL-KF202204"]}]},{"name":"TianHe Qingsuo Project","award":["2022ZB147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB147"]}]},{"name":"TianHe Qingsuo Project","award":["SKS-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022001"]}]},{"name":"TianHe Qingsuo Project","award":["2022ZDK026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDK026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land degradation and development (LDD) is one of the important ecological issues in coastal China. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of the LDD process in coastal China from 1982 to 2015 using the LDD index constructed from normalized NDVI and GPP data. The study also quantitatively evaluated the relative contributions of climate and human factors to LDD and explored their impact on LDD. The study\u2019s findings indicate that coastal regions in China experienced a marked increase in land development during the study period, with 62.47% of the regions displaying a growth trend and only 7.03% exhibiting signs of land degradation. The impact of climate change on the change in LDD processes was limited, while human activities were the main driving force, with their impact becoming increasingly apparent over time. Human activities were the dominant contributor to the change in LDD in most regions, accounting for over 60% of the change. Fast urbanization led to a notable decrease in cropland, wetland, shrub, and grassland, with a substantial proportion of the affected cropland transformed into impervious surfaces, accounting for 91.31% of the total cropland conversion. These findings deepen our understanding of the LDD process and its driving factors in coastal China, providing valuable insights for developing effective policy interventions and implementing successful land restoration plans in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T01:37:01Z","timestamp":1682386621000},"page":"2249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Land Degradation and Development in Coastal China (1982\u20132015)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Catchment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2829","article-title":"The global significance of omitting soil erosion from soil organic carbon cycling schemes","volume":"6","author":"Chappell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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