{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1768276423978,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022M723575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M723575"]}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020201"]}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["D020202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020202"]}]},{"name":"fellowship of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"fellowship of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022M723575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M723575"]}]},{"name":"fellowship of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020201"]}]},{"name":"fellowship of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["D020202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020202"]}]},{"name":"pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies","award":["2022M723575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M723575"]}]},{"name":"pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies","award":["D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020201"]}]},{"name":"pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies","award":["D020202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020202"]}]},{"name":"China Manned Space Engineering Program","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"China Manned Space Engineering Program","award":["2022M723575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M723575"]}]},{"name":"China Manned Space Engineering Program","award":["D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020201"]}]},{"name":"China Manned Space Engineering Program","award":["D020202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impact craters with layered ejecta deposits are widespread on Mars. Prevailing views suggest that such ejecta were formed due to the involvement of target water and\/or water ice in the impact excavation and\/or the post-deposition movement of the impact ejecta. The long-runout landslides and lobate debris aprons that are likely formed due to the involvement of water ice are used as analogs to compare roughness at multiple scales, considering that these three landforms share some similarities in their geomorphology. Analog studies of the morphological similarities and differences of layered ejecta deposits with different emplacement mechanisms are an important approach to untangling how layered ejecta deposits might form on Mars and beyond. Earlier morphological comparisons were usually based on qualitative descriptions or one-dimensional topographic roughness characteristics at given azimuths; however, the emplacement processes of layered deposits are recorded in two-dimensional topography and at multiple scales. In this study, we designed a multiwavelet algorithm to characterize the multi-scale topographic roughness of different forms of Martian layered deposits. Our comparisons show that the inner facies of the layered ejecta deposits and long-runout landslides exhibited similar roughness characteristics, and the outer facies of the layered ejecta deposits were more similar in roughness to lobate debris aprons. This study highlights the importance of the spatial resolution of digital terrain models in characterizing fine topographic fluctuations on layered ejecta deposits, providing additional insights into the possible emplacement mechanisms of different parts of layered ejecta deposits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1682471785000},"page":"2272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Topographic Roughness of Layered Deposits on Mars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2860-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"Centre for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5312-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanglu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yizhen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2511-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Melosh, H.J. (1989). Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Barlow, N.G. (2005). Large Meteorite Impacts III, Geological Society of America."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10005","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002638","article-title":"Martian craters viewed by the Thermal Emission Imaging System instrument: Double-layered ejecta craters","volume":"111","author":"Boyce","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.2010.01044.x","article-title":"Rampart craters on Ganymede: Their implications for fluidized ejecta emplacement","volume":"45","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1029\/JS082i028p04055","article-title":"Martian impact craters and emplacement of ejecta by surface flow","volume":"82","author":"Carr","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JE002036","article-title":"Martian impact crater ejecta morphologies as indicators of the distribution of subsurface volatiles","volume":"108","author":"Barlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06005","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002787","article-title":"Combinations of processes responsible for Martian impact crater layered ejecta structures emplacement","volume":"112","author":"Komatsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Boyce, J.M., and Mouginis-Mark, P.J. (2017, January 20\u201324). Radial grooves on Martian layered ejecta deposits. Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII, Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114513","article-title":"Morphologic differences in radial grooves on martian layered (fluidized) ejecta: Implications for emplacement processes and conditions","volume":"366","author":"Boyce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006801","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006801","article-title":"Insight Into Formation Processes of Layered Ejecta Craters on Mars From Thermophysical Observations","volume":"126","author":"Hoover","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114854","article-title":"Hargraves Crater, Mars: Insights into the internal structure of layered ejecta deposits","volume":"375","author":"Sacks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26733","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001258","article-title":"Standardizing the nomenclature of Martian impact crater ejecta morphologies","volume":"105","author":"Barlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06255","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JE006255","article-title":"Morphometric Characterization of Longitudinal Striae on Martian Landslides and Impact Ejecta Blankets and Implications for the Formation Mechanism","volume":"125","author":"Pietrek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.10.032","article-title":"Expanded secondary craters in the Arcadia Planitia region, Mars: Evidence for tens of Myr-old shallow subsurface ice","volume":"248","author":"Viola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.11.031","article-title":"Subsurface volatile content of martian double-layer ejecta (DLE) craters","volume":"284","author":"Viola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JE002005","article-title":"Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images","volume":"108","author":"Milliken","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2011.10.020","article-title":"An inventory and population-scale analysis of martian glacier-like form","volume":"217","author":"Souness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32777","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001429","article-title":"The roughness of natural terrain: A planetary and remote sensing perspective","volume":"106","author":"Shepard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.12416","article-title":"High-resolution studies of double-layered ejecta craters: Morphology, inherent structure, and a phenomenological formation model","volume":"50","author":"Wulf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Jawin, E.R., Kiefer, W.S., Bussey, B., Cahill, J.T., Dyar, M.D., Fassett, C.I., and Spudis, P.D. (2012, January 13\u201323). Analyzing the evolution of surface roughness of lunar mare. Proceedings of the 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2012.08.020","article-title":"Comparative study of the surface roughness of the Moon, Mars and Mercury","volume":"73","author":"Pommerol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17497","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001333","article-title":"Wavelet analyses of Mars polar topography","volume":"106","author":"Malamud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.02.027","article-title":"Automated landslide mapping using spectral analysis and high-resolution topographic data: Puget Sound lowlands, Washington, and Portland Hills, Oregon","volume":"109","author":"Booth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/059606a0","article-title":"Fourier\u2019s Series","volume":"59","author":"Gibbs","year":"1899","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3934\/cpaa.2007.6.853","article-title":"The complete orthogonal V-system and its applications","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commun. Pure Appl. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195201","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3195201","article-title":"Extracting Background Secondary Craters Based on Fusion of Multiscale and Multifacies Crater Topography Information","volume":"60","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E05S04","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002808","article-title":"Context Camera Investigation on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter","volume":"112","author":"Malin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e05004","article-title":"A new global database of Mars impact craters \u22651 km: 1. Database creation, properties, and parameters","volume":"117","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e06001","article-title":"A new global database of Mars impact craters \u2265 1 km: 2. Global crater properties and regional variations of the simple-to-complex transition diameter","volume":"117","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EA000324","article-title":"Introducing a New Inventory of Large Martian Landslides","volume":"5","author":"Crosta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2017.09.014","article-title":"MarsSI: Martian surface data processing information system","volume":"150","author":"Lozach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2022.105552","article-title":"Digital elevation model workflow improvements for the MarsSI platform and resulting orthorectified mosaic of Oxia Planum, the landing site of the ExoMars 2022 rover","volume":"222","author":"Volat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23689","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001364","article-title":"Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars","volume":"106","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2022.115341","article-title":"Assessing slope uncertainties of martian Digital Elevation Models from numerical propagation of errors on synthetic geological surfaces","volume":"391","author":"Millot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26695","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001259","article-title":"Kilometer-scale roughness of Mars: Results from MOLA data analysis","volume":"105","author":"Kreslavsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.12.014","article-title":"Comparison of roving-window and search-window techniques for characterising landscape morphometry","volume":"35","author":"Grohmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2013.04.027","article-title":"Lunar topographic roughness maps from Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data: Scale dependence and correlation with geologic features and units","volume":"226","author":"Kreslavsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2020.113979","article-title":"Global documentation of overlapping lobate deposits in martian gullies","volume":"352","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06105","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JE006105","article-title":"Analysis of the Topographic Roughness of the Moon Using the Wavelet Leaders Method and the Lunar Digital Elevation Model From the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter and SELENE Terrain Camera","volume":"125","author":"Lemelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180040","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.40","article-title":"A suite of global, cross-scale topographic variables for environmental and biodiversity modeling","volume":"5","author":"Amatulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01025868","article-title":"On the histogram as a density estimator:L 2 theory","volume":"57","author":"Freedman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Geb."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(81)90006-3","article-title":"Ejecta emplacment and modes of formation of Martian fluidized ejecta craters","volume":"45","year":"1981","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Schuster, R.L., and Krizek, R.J. (1978). Special Report 76: Landslides: Analysis and Control, Transportation and Road Research Board, National Academy of Science."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2011.04.015","article-title":"Landslides in Valles Marineris (Mars): A possible role of basal lubrication by sub-surface ice","volume":"59","author":"Blasio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12734-0","article-title":"Longitudinal ridges imparted by high-speed granular flow mechanisms in martian landslides","volume":"10","author":"Magnarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8097","DOI":"10.1029\/JB084iB14p08097","article-title":"Landslides in Valles Marineris, Mars","volume":"84","author":"Lucchitta","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-015-0369-x","article-title":"Inferring the high velocity of landslides in Valles Marineris on Mars from morphological analysis","volume":"68","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet Space"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL008491","article-title":"Topographic analysis of features related to ice on Mars","volume":"28","author":"Mangold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-0633(02)00005-3","article-title":"Experimental and thepretical deformation of ice-rock mixtures: Implications on rheology and ice content of Martian permafrost","volume":"50","author":"Mangold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JE001885","article-title":"Geomorphic analysis of lobate debris aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera scale: Evidence for Ice sublimation initiated by fractures","volume":"108","author":"Mangold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Barlow, N.G. (2015). Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, Springer."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Mouginis-Mark, P.J., and Sharpton, V.L. (2016, January 21\u201325). The asymmetric ejecta pattern of Zunil crater, Mars. Proceedings of the 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemer.2011.12.001","article-title":"Tooting crater: Geology and geomorphology of the archetype large, fresh, impact crater on Mars","volume":"72","author":"Boyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Kokhanov, A.A., Karachevtseva, I.P., and Zharkova, A. (2019). Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:23:21Z","timestamp":1760124201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15092272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15092272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}