{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:04:14Z","timestamp":1767834254032,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)","award":["41904117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904117"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)","award":["411924102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411924102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)","award":["2022YFB3902604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902604"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)","award":["KM202111232012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111232012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)","award":["2012CB026104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB026104"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["41904117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904117"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["411924102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411924102"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YFB3902604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902604"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["KM202111232012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111232012"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2012CB026104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB026104"]}]},{"name":"Research Plan of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["41904117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904117"]}]},{"name":"Research Plan of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["411924102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411924102"]}]},{"name":"Research Plan of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2022YFB3902604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902604"]}]},{"name":"Research Plan of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KM202111232012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111232012"]}]},{"name":"Research Plan of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2012CB026104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB026104"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Project of China","award":["41904117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904117"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Project of China","award":["411924102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411924102"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Project of China","award":["2022YFB3902604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902604"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Project of China","award":["KM202111232012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111232012"]}]},{"name":"National 973 Project of China","award":["2012CB026104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB026104"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science and Technology Platform","award":["41904117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904117"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science and Technology Platform","award":["411924102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411924102"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science and Technology Platform","award":["2022YFB3902604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902604"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science and Technology Platform","award":["KM202111232012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202111232012"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Information Science and Technology Platform","award":["2012CB026104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB026104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the impact of climate warming and engineering construction, thaw-slumping has developed extensively along the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Project Corridor. These landslide disasters not only destroy the fragile ecology of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau but also threaten the security of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Project Corridor. Because remote-sensing images lack imaging data inside the landslide body, and the excavation of boreholes has blindness and inefficiency, the ground-penetrating radar method with high efficiency and deep imaging has been developed and applied in the detection and treatment of thaw-slumping. To more accurately divide the soil-layered structure of the thaw-slumping body and obtain the key elements of the thaw-slumping such as temperature change trend and relative water content, we propose the use of amplitude event axis tracking and amplitude energy attenuation calculation to divide the fine layering of the thaw-slumping body. In addition, based on layer division, we introduce two attribute parameters to participate in the calculation of relative water content. These two attribute parameters are the weighted average frequency attribute, which reflects the temperature change trend, and the sweetness attribute, which reflects the change in the physical properties of the underground medium. The calculated 3D profile and time slice of the relative water content comprehensively show the change characteristics and enrichment area of the internal relative water content of the thaw-slumping. These methods and results are valuable for the characterization, evaluation, and treatment of thaw-slumping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1682471785000},"page":"2273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization and Evaluation of Thaw-Slumping Using GPR Attributes in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Information and Communication Systems, Ministry of Information Industry, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Information and Communication Systems, Ministry of Information Industry, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Nature Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2016.02.013","article-title":"Investigation of the freeze\u2013thaw states of foundation soils in frozen soil areas along the China\u2013Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) route using ground-penetrating radar (GPR)","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Reg. 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