{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:15:12Z","timestamp":1767183312749,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, it has been shown that the long penetrating polarimetric L-band ALOS is very promising for boreal and subarctic peatland mapping and monitoring. The unique information provided by the Touzi decomposition, and the dominant-scattering-type phase in particular, on peatland subsurface water flow permits an enhanced discrimination of bogs from fens, two peatland classes that can hardly be discriminated using conventional optical remote sensing sensors and C-band polarimetric SAR. In this study, the dominant and medium-scattering phases generated by the Touzi decomposition are investigated for discontinuous permafrost mapping in peatland regions. Polarimetric ALOS2, LiDAR, and field data were collected in the middle of August 2014, at the maximum permafrost thaw conditions, over discontinuous permafrost distributed within wooded palsa bogs and peat plateaus near the Namur Lake (Northern Alberta). The ALOS2 image, which was miscellaneously calibrated with antenna cross talk (\u221233 dB) much higher than the actual ones, was recalibrated. This led to a reduction of the residual calibration error (down to \u221243 dB) and permitted a significant improvement of the dominant and medium-scattering-type phase (20\u2218 to \u221230\u2218) over peatlands underlain by discontinuous permafrost. The Touzi decomposition, Cloude\u2013Pottier \u03b1-H incoherent target scattering decomposition, and the HH-VV phase difference were investigated, in addition to the conventional multipolarization (HH, HV, and VV) channels, for discontinuous permafrost mapping using the recalibrated ALOS2 image. A LiDAR-based permafrost classification developed by the Alberta Geological Survey (AGS) was used in conjunction with the field data collected during the ALOS2 image acquisition for the validation of the results. It is shown that the dominant- and scattering-type phases are the only polarimetric parameters which can detect peatland subsurface discontinuous permafrost. The medium-scattering-type phase, \u03d5s2, performs better than the dominant-scattering-type phase, \u03d5s1, and permits a better detection of subsurface discontinuous permafrost in peatland regions. \u03d5s2 also allows for a better discrimination of areas underlain by permafrost from the nonpermafrost areas. The medium Huynen maximum polarization return (m2) and the minimum degree of polarization (DoP), pmin, can be used to remove the scattering-type phase ambiguities that might occur in areas with deep permafrost (more than 50 cm in depth). The excellent performance of polarimetric PALSAR2 in term of NESZ (\u221237 dB) permits the demonstration of the very promising L-band long-penetration SAR capabilities for enhanced detection and mapping of relatively deep (up to 50 cm) discontinuous permafrost in peatland regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:33:40Z","timestamp":1682645620000},"page":"2312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Polarimetric L-Band ALOS2-PALSAR2 for Discontinuous Permafrost Mapping in Peatland Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3687-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ridha","family":"Touzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A0E4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M.","family":"Pawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Geological Survey, 4999-98 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A0E4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A0E4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3242-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A0E4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanobu","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Denki University, Ishizaka, Hatoyama, Hiki, Saitama 350-0394, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14338","article-title":"Permafrost carbon and climate change feedback","volume":"520","author":"Schuur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"721","article-title":"Patterns of boreal permafrost peatland vegetation across environmental gradients sensitive to climate warming","volume":"77","author":"Camill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. 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