{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T19:40:37Z","timestamp":1774986037076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3101602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3101602"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["61991454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991454"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3101602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3101602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61991454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocean front has a non-negligible role in global ocean\u2013atmosphere interactions, marine fishery production, and the marine military. Hence, obtaining the positions of the ocean front is crucial in oceanic research. At present, the positioning method of recognizing an ocean front has achieved a breakthrough in the mean dice similarity coefficient (mDSC) of above 90%, but it is difficult to use to achieve rapid extraction in emergency scenarios, including marine fisheries and search and rescue. To reduce the its dependence on machines and apply it to more requirements, according to the characteristics of an ocean front, a multi-scale model SQNet (Simple and Quick Net) dedicated to ocean front position recognition is designed, and its perception domain is expanded while obtaining current scale data. In experiments along the coast of China and the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, it was not difficult to find that SQNet exceedingly reduced running time while ensuring high-precision results (mDSC of higher than 90%). Then, after conducting intra-model self-comparison, it was determined that expanding the perceptual domain and changing the weight ratio of the loss function could improve the accuracy and operational efficiency of the model, which could be better applied in ocean front recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T09:54:53Z","timestamp":1682675693000},"page":"2339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["SQNet: Simple and Fast Model for Ocean Front Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Qiankun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5022-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengzhou","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2009.04.015","article-title":"Fronts in Large Marine Ecosystems","volume":"81","author":"Belkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Characteristics of the spatial and temporal variation of the front at west sea of Indonesia","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.11.022","article-title":"The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans","volume":"78","author":"Bost","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"80","article-title":"Phenomenon of ocean front and it impact on the sound propagation","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"16","article-title":"Seasonal variation of Guangdong coastal thermal front based on merged satellite data","volume":"36","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Fronts extraction and vectorization from raster image of sea surface temperature","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Image Graph."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.010","article-title":"Gradient-based edge detection and feature classification of sea-surface images of the Southern California Bight","volume":"112","author":"Oram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.11.018","article-title":"An algorithm for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll and SST satellite imagery","volume":"78","author":"Belkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-009-9045-y","article-title":"An N-shape thermal front in the western South Yellow Sea in winter","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"87","article-title":"Distributions and intra-seasonal evolutions of the sea surface thermal fronts in the Yellow Sea warm current origin area","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.007","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of surface oceanic fronts in coastal waters off west\u2013central Florida","volume":"112","author":"Wall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., and Il-Seok, O. (2003, January 21\u201323). Wavelet-Based Feature Extraction from Character Images. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45080-1_157"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"20","article-title":"Extraction of Ocean Fronts Based on Wavelet Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Xue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.01.006","article-title":"A novel approach for edge detection based on the theory of universal gravity","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.05.035","article-title":"A gravitational approach to edge detection based on triangular norms","volume":"43","author":"Bustince","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4","article-title":"Gravitational approach to edge detection based on nonlinear filtering","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"187","article-title":"Application of the Model of Universal Gravity to Oceanic Front Detection Near the Kuroshio Front","volume":"15","author":"Ping","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0067:EDAFSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Edge Detection Algorithm for SST Images","volume":"9","author":"Cayula","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(98)70860-3","article-title":"Surface Temperature Fronts in the Great Lakes","volume":"24","author":"Ullman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1105:GWSATR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Geographic Window Sizes Applied to Remote Sensing Sea Surface Temperature Front Detection","volume":"19","author":"Diehl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"90","article-title":"SST fronts of the Pacific coastal and marginal seas","volume":"1","author":"Belkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pac. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7458","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.685985","article-title":"Thermal fronts of the southern South China Sea from satellite and in situ data","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90100-C","article-title":"Finding mesoscale ocean structures with mathematical morphology","volume":"44","author":"Lea","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"57","article-title":"Extracting feature of ocean front based on mathematical morphology","volume":"32","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-3060-x","article-title":"Analysis of sea surface temperature fronts in the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent area using an advanced edge detection method","volume":"53","author":"Pi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"97","article-title":"Improvements to the Detection of Ocean Fronts by Grayscale Gradient Method","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.018","article-title":"Application of an edge detection method to satellite images for distinguishing sea surface temperature fronts near the Japanese coast","volume":"98","author":"Shimada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1999)016<0970:EATEDF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entropic Approach to Edge Detection for SST Images","volume":"16","author":"Escamilla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"61","article-title":"Application of Edge Detection to the Sea Surface Temperture Fronts of China East Coast","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Inf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673670","article-title":"Wavelet-based feature extraction from oceanographic images","volume":"36","author":"Simhadri","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHO684.1","article-title":"A New Statistical Modeling Approach to Ocean Front Detection from SST Satellite Images","volume":"27","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2643000","article-title":"Learning and Transferring Convolutional Neural Network Knowledge to Ocean Front Recognition","volume":"14","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2869647","article-title":"A Multiscale Deep Framework for Ocean Fronts Detection and Fine-Grained Location","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Li, Q., Fan, Z., and Zhong, G. (2020). Neural Information Processing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Weak Edge Identification Network for Ocean Front Detection","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Deep Learning Method for Ocean Front Extraction in Remote Sensing Imagery","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"LSENet: Location and Seasonality Enhanced Network for Multiclass Ocean Front Detection","volume":"60","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zhao, B., Cao, D., Li, H., and Wang, Q. (2001). Tidal mixing characters and tidal fronts phenomenons in the Bohai Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 113\u2013119."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"9","article-title":"Distribution Characeristics of Marine Fronts in the Southern Huanghai Sea And the Donghai Sea","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr. Huanghai Bohai Seas"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"62","article-title":"The Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Thermal Front in the China Seas","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Telem.,Track. Command."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"8","article-title":"Oceanographic Characteristics of the Kuroshio Front in the East China Sea and the Relationship with Fisheries","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Donghai Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"108","article-title":"Ocean front analysis in subdivided sea areas by using satellite remote sea surface temperature data","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"391","article-title":"Some explanation of sea surface temperature distribution in northern South China Sea in winter","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"104","article-title":"Research on ocean front detection in China coastal waters based on multi-source merging data","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Telem. Track. Command."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011223","article-title":"Climatology and seasonal variability of ocean fronts in the East China, Yellow and Bohai Seas from satellite SST data","volume":"27","author":"Hickox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017544","article-title":"Ocean Temperature and Color Frontal Zones in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, When, and Why","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kingma, D., and Ba, J. (2014). Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. Comput. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2339\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:25:52Z","timestamp":1760124352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15092339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15092339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]}}}