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Most studies of this phenomenon have been carried out in arid and semi-arid grasslands. Therefore, studies in tropical regions, particularly savannas, which are composed of grassland and woodland mosaics, are needed. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of woody encroachment classification in the Brazilian Cerrado, a tropical savanna. We acquired dry and wet season unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images using RGB and multispectral cameras that were processed by the support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) classifiers. We also compared two validation methods: the orthomosaic and in situ methods. We targeted two native woody species: Baccharis retusa and Trembleya parviflora. Identification of these two species was statistically (p &lt; 0.05) most accurate in the wet season RGB images classified by the RF algorithm, with an overall accuracy (OA) of 92.7%. Relating to validation assessments, the in situ method was more susceptible to underfitting scenarios, especially using an RF classifier. The OA was higher in grassland than in woodland formations. Our results show that woody encroachment classification in a tropical savanna is possible using UAV images and field surveys and is suggested to be conducted during the wet season. It is challenging to classify UAV images in highly diverse ecosystems such as the Cerrado; therefore, whenever possible, researchers should use multiple accuracy assessment methods. In the case of using in situ accuracy assessment, we suggest a minimum of 40 training samples per class and to use multiple classifiers (e.g., RF and DT). Our findings contribute to the generation of tools that optimize time and cost for the monitoring and management of woody encroachment in tropical savannas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T09:54:53Z","timestamp":1682675693000},"page":"2342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Woody Plant Encroachment in a Seasonal Tropical Savanna: Lessons about Classifiers and Accuracy from UAV Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5760-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edson Eyji","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria (Embrapa Cerrados), BR-020, Planaltina 73301-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Eduardo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais, Universidade Federal do Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7990-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1ssia Beatriz Rodrigues","family":"Munhoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o V\u00edtor Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais, Universidade Federal do Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Leomar","family":"Rufino Alves J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais, Universidade Federal do Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-9647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Roure Bandeira","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mercedes Maria","family":"da Cunha Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:BICEGC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences, and Control","volume":"10","author":"Mack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. 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