{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:08:16Z","timestamp":1762254496972,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-47-00038","FNNN-2021-0004","0763-2020-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-47-00038","FNNN-2021-0004","0763-2020-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation","award":["21-47-00038","FNNN-2021-0004","0763-2020-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-47-00038","FNNN-2021-0004","0763-2020-0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the previous companion study, satellite data were used to describe peculiar characteristics of ocean surface wave fields, generated by two extra-tropical cyclones (ETCs) rapidly propagating in the North Atlantic. Based on a 2D parametric wave model, further details are now provided to analyse and interpret the spatio-temporal evolution of very intense ETC-generated waves. Significant wave height and wavelength values are shown to reach extreme values, 18 m and 500 m, respectively. Resulting energetic swell systems waves then radiate in the whole eastern part of the North Atlantic, and more particularly in the Norwegian sea region. Moving to higher latitudes, wind forcing characteristics of ETCs evolve, with the shape of the wind field changing from quasi-cyclonic to \u201cair jets\/Icelandic lows\u201d. In this paper, the resulting swell generation and propagation, after the deformation of an individual ETC, were studied, as well. Confirmed with comparisons with multi-satellite observations, the application of the parametric-2D wave-ray model was demonstrated to provide robust and highly detailed information on wave generation under very complex wind regime changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"2377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On Surface Waves Generated by Extra-Tropical Cyclones\u2014Part II: Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8770-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Cheshm Siyahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8545-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Kudryavtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Marine Hydrophysical Institute RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6607-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Yurovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Marine Hydrophysical Institute RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Collard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OceanDataLab, 29280 Locmaria-Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Chapron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l\u2019Exploitation de la Mer, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27128","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v67.27128","article-title":"Cyclones, windstorms and the IMILAST project","volume":"67","author":"Hewson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tellus A Dyn. 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