{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:53:15Z","timestamp":1777085595928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61860206013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61860206013"]}]},{"name":"Young Beijing Scholars Support Program","award":["61860206013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61860206013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global sea level rise is a major environmental concern for many countries and cities, particularly for low-lying coastal areas where urban development is threatened by the combined effects of sea level rise and land subsidence. This study employed an improved two-layer network Persistent Scatterers Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) technology to obtain high-precision land subsidence in Singapore from 2015 to 2019. Landsat images from 1973 to 2020 were also utilized to extract changes in Singapore\u2019s coastline. Geological, topographical, and global sea level rise data were integrated to investigate the causes and impacts of land subsidence in Singapore. The results indicate that the areas with severe subsidence coincide with land reclamation areas, where subsidence is mainly due to soil consolidation. Based on WorldDEM, land subsidence, and sea level rise data, the maximum inundation depth in Singapore by 2050 is estimated to be 1.24 m, with the Marina Bay area in Singapore\u2019s central business district being the most vulnerable to sea level rise. This study provides data support and a scientific basis for understanding the impact of land subsidence on Singapore\u2019s coastal areas under the influence of multiple factors using advanced InSAR technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T02:56:51Z","timestamp":1683255411000},"page":"2415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Land Subsidence in the Singapore Coastal Area with Long Time Series of TerraSAR-X SAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zechao","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"},{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102627, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (CBAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102627, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yewei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1360\/N972016-01377","article-title":"Global mean sea level variations and the land water cycle at the inter-annual scale during the 2014-2016 El Ni\u00f1o episode","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. 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