{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T07:09:06Z","timestamp":1766732946072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002885","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504900","2018YFB0504901","BCXJ22-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504900","2018YFB0504901","BCXJ22-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004193","name":"NUAA of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504900","2018YFB0504901","BCXJ22-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504900","2018YFB0504901","BCXJ22-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accuracy and consistency of Earth observation (EO) instrument radiometric calibration is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving accurate results and delivering reliable predictions. Frequent calibration and validation (Cal\/Val) activities are needed during the instrument\u2019s lifetime, and this procedure is often extended to historical archives. Numerous satellites in orbit and proposed future missions have incorporated lunar observation into their vicarious calibration components over recent years, facilitated by the extreme long-term photometric stability of the Moon. Since the birth of the first lunar calibration reference model, lunar-dependent calibration techniques have developed rapidly, and the application and refinement of the lunar radiometric model have become a welcome research focus in the calibration community. Within the context of the development of lunar observation activities and calibration systems globally, we provide a comprehensive review of the activities and results spawned by treating the Moon as a reference for instrument response and categorize them against the understanding of lunar radiometric reference. In general, this appears to be a process of moving from data to instruments, then back into data, working towards a stated goal. Here we highlight lunar radiometric models developed by different institutions or agencies over the last two decades while reporting on the known limitations of these solutions, with unresolved challenges remaining and multiple lunar observation plans and concepts attempting to address them from various perspectives, presenting a temporal development. We also observe that the methods seeking uncertainty reduction at this stage are rather homogeneous, lacking the combination of approaches or results from lunar surface studies conducted by many spacecraft missions, and joint deep learning methods to extract information. The factors that influence the accuracy of the measurement irradiance may be regulated when practical models arrive. As a central element in lunar calibration, the development of an absolute radiometric datum helps to better understand the Earth system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Activities to Promote the Moon as an Absolute Calibration Reference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2390-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7115-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1511\/2008.74.390","article-title":"Fifty years of Earth-observation satellites\u2014Views from space have led to countless advances on the ground in both scientific knowledge and daily life","volume":"96","author":"Tatem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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