{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T03:04:57Z","timestamp":1765422297180,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective target detection and tracking has always been a research hotspot in the field of radar, and multi-target tracking is the focus of radar target tracking at present. In order to effectively deal with the issue of outlier removal and track initiation determination in the process of multi-target tracking, this paper proposes an improved backward smoothing method based on label iterative processing. This method corrects the loophole in the original backward smoothing method, which can cause estimated target values to be erroneously removed due to missing detection, so that it correctly removes outliers in target tracking. In addition, the proposed method also combines label iterative processing with track initiation determination to effectively eliminate invalid target short-lived tracks. The results of simulation experiments and actual data verification showed that the proposed method correctly removed outliers and invalid short-lived tracks. Compared with the original method, it improved the accuracy of target cardinality estimation and tracking performance to a certain extent. Moreover, without affecting the algorithm performance, the method\u2019s processing efficiency could be improved by increasing the track pruning threshold. Finally, the proposed method was compared with existing methods, verifying that its tracking performance was better than that of existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Improved Backward Smoothing Method Based on Label Iterative Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiuchao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Blind Signal Processing, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghui","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Blind Signal Processing, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Blind Signal Processing, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Huafeng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Blind Signal Processing, Chengdu 610041, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cai, F. 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