{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:41:32Z","timestamp":1769827292364,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202106380124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106380124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Scholarships Council","award":["42171025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171025"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarships Council","award":["202106380124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106380124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The subtropical forests in China play a pivotal part in the global and regional carbon\u2013water cycle and in regulating the climate. Ecosystem water-use efficiency (WUE) is a crucial index for understanding the trade-off between ecosystem carbon gain and water consumption. However, the underlying mechanisms of the WUE in forest ecosystems, especially the different subtropical forests, have remained unclear. In this paper, we developed a simple framework for estimating forest WUE and revealing the underlying mechanisms of forest WUE changes via a series of numerical experiments. Validated by measured WUE, the simulated WUE from our developed WUE framework showed a good performance. In addition, we found that the subtropical forest WUE experienced a significant increasing trend during 2001\u20132018, especially in evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forests where the increasing rate was greatest (0.027 gC kg\u22121 H2O year\u22121, p &lt; 0.001). Further analysis indicated that the atmospheric CO2 concentration and vapor pressure deficits (VPD), rather than leaf area index (LAI), were the dominant drivers leading to the subtropical forest WUE changes. When summed for the whole subtropical forests, CO2 and VPD had an almost equal spatial impact on annual WUE change trends and accounted for 45.3% and 49.1% of the whole study area, respectively. This suggests that future forest management aiming to increase forest carbon uptake and protect water resources needs to pay more attention to the long-term impacts of climate change on forest WUE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Disentangling the Key Drivers of Ecosystem Water-Use Efficiency in China\u2019s Subtropical Forests Using an Improved Remote-Sensing-Driven Analytical Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography, Resources and Environment, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography, Resources and Environment, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenwu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography, Resources and Environment, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12291","article-title":"Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise","volume":"499","author":"Keenan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(02)00104-1","article-title":"Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation","volume":"113","author":"Lawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. 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