{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:19:13Z","timestamp":1774865953348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos.42192552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos.42192552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation stress is defined as the excess momentum caused by ocean waves, which exerts an indispensable impact on the upper-layer ocean conditions as waves pass by. Previous research concentrated on sea surface cooling caused by typhoons. In this paper, we investigated the effect of wave-induced radiation stress on upper-layer ocean temperature (including sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed-layer temperature) under typhoon conditions, as well as the effect of radiation stress on the surface current field. The FVCOM-SWAVE model, which is based on the SWAN model, is used to simulate the response of upper-layer ocean temperature to radiation stress. The simulated results, when validated with Jason-3 satellite and ARGO data, could reproduce the observed phenomenon well in general. Compared to simulations without radiation stress, the bias in the SST results is reduced by about 1 \u00b0C if the radiation stress term is taken into account. The mixed-layer depth temperature is expected to be simulated more accurately, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 1.63 \u00b0C and a correlation coefficient (COR) of about 0.94. Results show that wave-induced radiation stress enhances the surface current and causes certain deviations to the right so that the upper water diverges and upwelling increases, resulting in a decrease in SST. When the influence of double typhoons is considered, the airflow of LEKIMA(L) rotates from the northwest toward KROSA (R), limiting the development of significant wave height (SWH) and reducing the cooling range. As a result, the present study is of tremendous importance in precisely forecasting the ocean state of the western North Pacific (WNP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Wave-Induced Radiation Stress on Upper-Layer Ocean Temperature during Typhoons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingmin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haodi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Increasing threat of landfalling typhoons in the western North Pacific between 1974 and 2013","volume":"68","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017141","article-title":"New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys.Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08477","article-title":"Strong enhancement of chlorophyll a concentration by a weak typhoon","volume":"404","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol.Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upper ocean response to a hurricane","volume":"11","author":"Price","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00104.1","article-title":"Impact of typhoons on the ocean in the Pacific","volume":"95","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1994)024<0233:FSRTAM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Forced stage response to a moving hurricane","volume":"24","author":"Price","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2003)033<0561:TOBLBH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The ocean boundary layer below Hurricane Dennis","volume":"33","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"L15609","article-title":"Cold wake of hurricane Frances","volume":"34","author":"Sanford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2021.103509","article-title":"Tropical cyclone-induced sea surface cooling over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in the 2019 Pacific typhoon season","volume":"217","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Marine Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Wang, M., and Peng, B. (2022). Response of Temperature to Successive Typhoons in the South China Sea. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10081157"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2000)030<1407:TOMLRT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The 3D oceanic mixed layer response to Hurricane Gilbert","volume":"30","author":"Jacob","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C12023","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005603","article-title":"Heat and turbulent kinetic energy budgets for surface layer cooling induced by the passage of Hurricane Frances (2004)","volume":"114","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00125.1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characterization of sea surface temperature response to tropical cyclones","volume":"26","author":"Mei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25235","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC02257","article-title":"An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications","volume":"99","author":"Kantha","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC01p00903","article-title":"Simulation of the mixed layer at OWS November and Papa with several models","volume":"90","author":"Martin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112082000445","article-title":"The interaction between waves and a turbulent current: Waves propagating with the current","volume":"116","author":"Kemp","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHO573.1","article-title":"A Surface Wave Model for Coupling with Numerical Ocean Circulation Models","volume":"25","author":"Mellor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"529","article-title":"Radiation stresses in water waves: A physical discussion with applications","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Deep-Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0302-3524(74)90013-9","article-title":"Nonlinear waves in the nearshore region: Shoaling and set-up","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"1974","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2004.05.008","article-title":"Effect of wave directional spread on the radiation stress: Comparing theory and observations","volume":"51","author":"Feddersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"495","article-title":"Calculation of wave radiation stress in combination with parabolic mild slope equation","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"China Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"88","article-title":"Effects of wave-current interactions on sediment dynamics in Hangzhou Bay during Typhoon Mitag","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4378.1","article-title":"An experiment on the nonbreaking surface-wave-induced vertical mixing","volume":"40","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Shao, W., Yu, W., and Li, J. (2021). A study of wave-induced effects on sea surface temperature simulations during typhoon events. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9060622"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019824","article-title":"Wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean: Distribution and application to a global ocean circulation model","volume":"31","author":"Qiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JC012939","article-title":"Simulation of wave-current interactions under hurricane conditions using an unstructured-grid model: Impacts on ocean waves","volume":"123","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.Geophys.Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2011.08.009","article-title":"Simulation of three-dimensional circulation and hydrography over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland","volume":"40","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean. Model."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1045","article-title":"On the Receding of Storm Surge along Louisiana\u2019s Low-Lying Coast","volume":"2","author":"Rego","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chen, C., Beardsley, R.C., and Cowles, G. (2011). An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model: FVCOM User Manual, Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"78","article-title":"An unstructured grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) system","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Comput. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03018","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003485","article-title":"A finite volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies: Comparisons with finite difference models","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"C07042","article-title":"FVCOM validation experiments: Comparisons with ROMS for three idealized barotropic test problems","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<0159:AUGFVT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An unstructured grid, finite-volume, three-dimensional, primitive equations ocean model: Application to coastal ocean and estuaries","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2009.01.007","article-title":"An unstructured-grid finite-volume surface wave model (FVCOM-SWAVE): Implementation, validations and applications","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7649","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02622","article-title":"A third generation wave model for coastal regions: 1. Model description and validation","volume":"104","author":"Booij","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"SWAN Group (2012). SWAN User Manual-SWAN Cycle III Version 40.91, Chap. 4, Delft University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Eldeberky, Y. (1996). Nonlinear Transformations of Wave Spectra in the Nearshore Zone. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2019.101553","article-title":"Wave dynamics near Barataria Bay tidal inlets during spring-summer time","volume":"147","author":"Sorourian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-011-1788-3","article-title":"A FVCOM-based unstructured grid wave, current, sediment transport model, I. Model description and validation","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Guan, S., Wang, Q., Zhao, W., and Tian, J. (2023). Sudden Track Turning of Typhoon Prapiroon (2012) Enhanced the Upper Ocean Response. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020302"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2478\/ohs-2019-0034","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the wave-induced Stokes drift effect on sea surface temperature in the North Pacific","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2011.91","article-title":"Typhoon-ocean interaction in the western North Pacific: Part 1","volume":"24","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/03091927009365783","article-title":"Wave-driven inertial oscillations","volume":"1","author":"Hasselmann","year":"1970","journal-title":"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00119.1","article-title":"An Overview of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Database","volume":"31","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2442\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:27Z","timestamp":1760124627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15092442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15092442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]}}}