{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:08Z","timestamp":1760127128830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62227901","61931002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62227901","61931002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62227901","61931002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62227901","61931002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to its rapid deployment, high-flexibility, and high-accuracy advantages, the unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV)-based differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography (D-TomoSAR) technique presents an attractive approach for urban risk monitoring. With its sufficiently long spatial and temporal baselines, it offers elevation and velocity resolution beyond the dimensions of range and azimuth, enabling four-dimensional (4D) SAR imaging. In the case of P-band UAV-SAR, a long spatial-temporal baseline is necessary to achieve high enough elevation-velocity dimensional resolution. Although P-band UAV-SAR maintains temporal coherence, it still faces two issues due to the extended spatial baseline, i.e., low spatial coherence and high sidelobes. To tackle these problems, we introduce a multi-master (MM) D-TomoSAR approach, contributing three main points. Firstly, the traditional D-TomoSAR signal model is extended to a MM one, which improves the average coherence coefficient and the number of baselines (NOB) as well as suppresses sidelobes. Secondly, a baseline distribution optimization processing is proposed to equalize the spatial\u2013temporal baseline distribution, achieve more uniform spectrum samplings, and reduce sidelobes. Thirdly, a clustering-based outlier elimination method is employed to ensure 4D imaging quality. The proposed method is effectively validated through computer simulation and P-band UAV-SAR experiment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["P-Band UAV-SAR 4D Imaging: A Multi-Master Differential SAR Tomography Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangkai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-Time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]},{"given":"Zegang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-Time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2540-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-Time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-Time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Laboratory, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-Time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Bi, H., Wang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Feng, J., and Hong, W. 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