{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:39:25Z","timestamp":1767339565089,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}]},{"name":"Industry-University-Research Collaboration Project of Fujian Province","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}]},{"name":"2023 Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College University-level Science and Education Development Fund Project","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}]},{"name":"2022 Annual Young and Middle-aged Teachers Education Research Project (Science and Technology) of Fujian Province","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}]},{"name":"Fuzhou University under Scientific Research Project","award":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071125","2022YFE0115500","2021J01581","2022H6018","#20230101","#JAT-220543","#GXRC-18074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Like its outdoor counterpart (e.g., GPS), an indoor tracking system can bring about disruptive changes in how we live and work. This paper proposes a location and tracking system using a single WiFi link based on channel state information. The system can realize real-time, decimeter-level localization and tracking. In this system, phase calibration and static path elimination are realized by multiplying the conjugate signals of different antennas. Then, a three-dimensional MUSIC algorithm is employed to estimate the angle of arrival (AOA), the time of flight (TOF), and the velocity of a target. A scheme is then developed to adjust the MUSIC search range and reduce the computation time from about ten hours to tens of seconds. The Widar2.0 data set from Tsinghua University are used for the experiments; the proposed system is found to have an average tracking error of 0.68 m in the three environments of classroom, office, and corridor, which is better than the existing single link localization and tracking system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Localization and Tracking System Using Single WiFi Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li-Ping","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"given":"Liang-Qin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350008, China"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Meng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350008, China"}]},{"given":"Zhizhang (David)","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350008, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippoupolitis, A., Oliff, W., and Loukas, G. (2016, January 14\u201316). Bluetooth Low Energy Based Occupancy Detection for Emergency Management. Proceedings of the 2016 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications and 2016 International Symposium on Cyberspace and Security (IUCC-CSS), Granada, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IUCC-CSS.2016.013"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109472","article-title":"Plug-Mate: An IoT-based occupancy-driven plug load management system in smart buildings","volume":"223","author":"Tekler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaji, B., Jian, X., Nwokafor, A., Gupta, R., and Agarwal, Y. (2013, January 11\u201315). Sentinel: Occupancy based HVAC actuation using existing WiFi infrastructure within commercial buildings. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Roma, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2517351.2517370"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109689","article-title":"Occupancy prediction using deep learning approaches across multiple space types: A minimum sensing strategy","volume":"226","author":"Tekler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.44","article-title":"Face-to-Face Proximity Estimation Using Bluetooth on Smartphones","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Xiao, Z., Markham, A., Trigoni, N., and Ren, Y. (2014, January 14\u201316). Does BTLE measure up against WiFi? A comparison of indoor location performance. Proceedings of the European Wireless 2014; 20th European Wireless Conference, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106681","article-title":"A Scalable Bluetooth Low Energy Approach to Identify Occupancy Patterns and Profiles in Office Spaces","volume":"171","author":"Tekler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Purohit, A., De Wagter, P., Brinster, I., Hamm, C., and Zhang, P. (2011, January 17\u201319). PANDAA: Physical arrangement detection of networked devices through ambient-sound awareness. Proceedings of the Ubiquitous Computing, International Conference, Ubicomp, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Xiong, Y., Li, X.-Y., Lin, H., Yang, P., and Liu, Y. (May, January 27). Shake and walk: Acoustic direction finding and fine-grained indoor localization using smartphones. Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom 2014\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6847959"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadmoradi, H., Heydariaan, M., Gnawali, O., and Kim, K. (2019, January 18\u201321). UWB-Based Single-Anchor Indoor Localization Using Reflected Multipath Components. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2019.8685609"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18166","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3082579","article-title":"A High-Accuracy Indoor Localization System and Applications Based on Tightly Coupled UWB\/INS\/Floor Map Integration","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Jin, G.Y., Lu, X.Y., and Park, M.S. (2006, January 5\u20137). An Indoor Localization Mechanism Using Active RFID Tag. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Colin, E. (2006, January 5\u20137). Indoor performance analysis of LF-RFID based positioning system: Comparison with UHF-RFID and UWB. Proceedings of the International Conference on Indoor Positioning & Indoor Navigation, Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9286","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3085824","article-title":"UHF-RFID-Based Real-Time Vehicle Localization in GPS-Less Environments","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8822","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2850842","article-title":"DeFi: Robust Training-Free Device-Free Wireless Localization with WiFi","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2874941","article-title":"OpArray: Exploiting Array Orientation for Accurate Indoor Localization","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Kumar, S., and Katabi, D. (2016). Decimeter-Level Localization with a Single WiFi Access Point, USENIX Association."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2509917","article-title":"Gradient-Based Fingerprinting for Indoor Localization and Tracking","volume":"63","author":"Shu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"763","article-title":"CSI-Based Fingerprinting for Indoor Localization: A Deep Learning Approach","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10896","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2870160","article-title":"Augmentation of Fingerprints for Indoor WiFi Localization Based on Gaussian Process Regression","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2810307","article-title":"Accurate Location Tracking From CSI-Based Passive Device-Free Probabilistic Fingerprinting","volume":"67","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotaru, M., Joshi, K., Bharadia, D., and Katti, S. (2015, January 17\u201321). Spotfi: Decimeter level localization using WiFi. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Xiang, L., Li, S., Zhang, D., Xiong, J., Wang, Y., and Mei, H. (2016, January 12\u201316). Dynamic-MUSIC: Accurate device-free indoor localization. Proceedings of the ACM International Joint Conference ACM, Heidelberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Qian, K., Wu, C., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., and Jamieson, K. (2017, January 10\u201314). Widar: Decimeter-Level Passive Tracking via Velocity Monitoring with Commodity WiFi. Proceedings of the ACM MobiHoc 2017, Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, D., Lv, Q., Xiong, J., Li, S., Zhang, Y., and Mei, H. (2017, January 3). IndoTrack: Device-Free Indoor Human Tracking with Commodity WiFi. Proceedings of the ACM IMWUT 2017, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3130940"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, K., Wu, C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, Z., and Liu, Y. (2018, January 10\u201315). Widar2.0: Passive Human Tracking with a Single WiFi Link. Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210314"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10662","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2929580","article-title":"Device-Free Tracking via Joint Velocity and AOA Estimation with Commodity WiFi","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:59Z","timestamp":1760124659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15092461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15092461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]}}}