{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:58:14Z","timestamp":1767916694384,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2020SP007"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["SML2021SP207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2021SP207"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["311022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311022001"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["42206005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206005"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["QNHX2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNHX2309"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["Y202250609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202250609"]}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["OFMS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFMS006"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2020SP007"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["SML2021SP207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2021SP207"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["311022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311022001"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["42206005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206005"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["QNHX2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNHX2309"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["Y202250609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202250609"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["OFMS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFMS006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2020SP007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SML2021SP207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2021SP207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311022001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42206005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QNHX2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNHX2309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y202250609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202250609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFMS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFMS006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2020SP007"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["SML2021SP207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2021SP207"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["311022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311022001"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["42206005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206005"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["QNHX2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNHX2309"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["Y202250609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202250609"]}]},{"name":"the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["OFMS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFMS006"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2020SP007"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["SML2021SP207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2021SP207"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["311022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311022001"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["42206005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206005"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["QNHX2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNHX2309"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["Y202250609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202250609"]}]},{"name":"General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education","award":["OFMS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFMS006"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["SML2020SP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2020SP007"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["SML2021SP207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2021SP207"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["311020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311020004"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["311022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311022001"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["42206005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206005"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["QNHX2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNHX2309"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["Y202250609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202250609"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class Subjects of Zhejiang","award":["OFMS006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFMS006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Drake Passage is known for its abundant mesoscale eddies, but little is known about their three-dimensional characteristics, which hinders our understanding of their impact on eddy-induced transport and deep-sea circulation. A 10-year study was conducted using GLORYS12 Mercator Ocean reanalysis data from 2009 to 2018. The study analyzed the statistical characteristics of eddies in the Drake Passage, spanning from the surface down to a depth of 2000 m in three dimensions. The findings indicate that the mean radius of the eddies is 35.5 km, with a mean lifespan of 12.3 weeks and mean vorticity of 2.2 \u00d7 10\u22125 s\u22121. The eddies are most active and energetic near the three main fronts and propagate north-eastward at an average distance of 97.8 km. The eddy parameters vary with water depth, with more anticyclones detected from the surface to 400 m, displaying a larger radius and longer propagation distance. Cyclones have longer lifespans and greater vorticity. However, beyond 400 m, there is not much difference between anticyclones and cyclones. Approximately 23.3% of the eddies reach a depth of 2000 m, with larger eddies tending to penetrate deeper. The eddies come in three different shapes, bowl-shaped (52.7%), lens-shaped (27.1%) and cone-shaped (20.2%). They exhibit annual and monthly distribution patterns. Due to its high latitude location, the Drake Passage has strong rotation and weak stratification, resulting in the generation of small and deep-reaching eddies. These eddies contribute to the formation of Antarctic intermediate water and lead to modulation of turbulent dissipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1683511411000},"page":"2462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ocean Eddies in the Drake Passage: Decoding Their Three-Dimensional Structure and Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiayan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8155-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2011.06.009","article-title":"Two repeat crossings of Drake Passage in austral summer 2006: Short-term variations and evidence for considerable ventilation of intermediate and deep waters","volume":"58","author":"Provost","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1977)007<0788:SATOTA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Structure and transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at Drake Passage from short-term measurements","volume":"7","author":"Pillsbury","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC04p07177","article-title":"A synoptic description of the flow at Drake Passage from year-long measurements","volume":"90","author":"Hofmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2004.07.005","article-title":"Cold-core anomalies at the subantarctic front, south of Tasmania","volume":"51","author":"Morrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015024","article-title":"Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over the Udintsev Fracture Zone, the narrowest choke point in the Southern Ocean","volume":"124","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-19-0266.1","article-title":"Upper-Ocean Eddy Heat Flux across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage from Observations: Time-Mean and Seasonal Variability","volume":"50","author":"Chereskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG4005","DOI":"10.1029\/2010RG000348","article-title":"Sustained monitoring of the Southern Ocean at Drake Passage: Past achievements and future priorities","volume":"49","author":"Meredith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(81)90034-0","article-title":"Anatomy of a cyclonic ring in the Drake Passage","volume":"28","author":"Joyce","year":"1981","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1357\/002224003321586408","article-title":"Seasonal to interannual upper-ocean variability in the Drake Passage","volume":"61","author":"Sprintall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"C04033","article-title":"Circulation in the Ona Basin, southern Drake Passage","volume":"113","author":"Provost","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(85)90006-0","article-title":"Energetic eddies at the northern edge of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the southwest Pacific","volume":"14","author":"Bryden","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2011.01.003","article-title":"Fronts, meanders and eddies in Drake Passage during the ANT-XXIII\/3 cruise in January\u2013February 2006: A satellite perspective","volume":"58","author":"Provost","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dynatmoce.2008.05.002","article-title":"The effect of Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport on the frontal variability in Drake Passage","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dyn. Atmos. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-10-05017.1","article-title":"Near-surface eddy heat and momentum fluxes in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage","volume":"41","author":"Lenn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11203","DOI":"10.3402\/polar.v30i0.11203","article-title":"Near-surface eddy dynamics in the Southern Ocean","volume":"30","author":"Trani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polar Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(81)90048-0","article-title":"The advective flux of heat by mean geostrophic motions in the Southern Ocean","volume":"28","author":"Levine","year":"1981","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-4781-2018","article-title":"Imprint of Southern Ocean mesoscale eddies on chlorophyll","volume":"15","author":"Frenger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14603","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030430","article-title":"Eddies enhance biological production in the Weddell-Scotia confluence of the Southern Ocean","volume":"34","author":"Kahru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2004.02.006","article-title":"Contrasting primary production regimes around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: Large blooms versus high nutrient, low chlorophyll waters","volume":"51","author":"Korb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10846","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070565","article-title":"An advective mechanism for deep chlorophyll maxima formation in southern Drake Passage","volume":"43","author":"Erickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL096020","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL096020","article-title":"Mesoscale Eddies Regulate Seasonal Iron Supply and Carbon Drawdown in the Drake Passage","volume":"48","author":"Jersild","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2007.06.007","article-title":"Entrainment of Antarctic euphausiids across the Antarctic Polar Front by a cold eddy","volume":"54","author":"Bernard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Gan, J., Sun, Z., Zhu, J., and Dai, M. (2011). Observed three-dimensional structure of a cold eddy in the southwestern South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006810"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24349","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24349","article-title":"Observed 3D structure, generation, and dissipation of oceanic mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014054","article-title":"A new assessment of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea: Surface features, three-dimensional structures, and thermohaline transports","volume":"123","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2020.102270","article-title":"Development of double cyclonic mesoscale eddies at around Xisha Islands observed by a \u2018Sea-Whale 2000\u2019autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"101","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015555","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015555","article-title":"Aspect ratio of eddies inferred from Argo floats and satellite altimeter data in the ocean","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20155","article-title":"A three-dimensional eddy census of a high-resolution global ocean simulation","volume":"118","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham, S., Alderson, S., King, B., and Brandon, M. (2003). Transport and variability of the Antarctic circumpolar current in drake passage. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC001147"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698876","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.698876","article-title":"The Copernicus global 1\/12 oceanic and sea ice GLORYS12 reanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Eric","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lellouche, J.-M., Le Galloudec, O., Greiner, E., Garric, G., Regnier, C., Drevillon, M., Bourdall\u00e9-Badie, R., Bricaud, C., Drillet, Y., and Le Traon, P.-Y. (2018, January 8\u201313). The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service global ocean 1\/12 physical reanalysis GLORYS12V1: Description and quality assessment. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-1067-2016","article-title":"DUACS DT2014: The new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years","volume":"12","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ezraty, R., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Pioll\u00e9, J.-F., Kaleschke, L., and Heygster, G. (2007). Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration and Arctic Sea Ice Drift Estimated from Special Sensor Microwave Data, University of Bremen."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/os-9-1-2013","article-title":"The CORA dataset: Validation and diagnostics of in-situ ocean temperature and salinity measurements","volume":"9","author":"Cabanes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Szekely, T., Gourrion, J., Pouliquen, S., Reverdin, G., and Merceur, F. (2022, January 13). CORA, Coriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.seanoe.org\/data\/00351\/46219\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.11.033","article-title":"Twenty-five years of Mercator ocean reanalysis GLORYS12 at Drake Passage: Velocity assessment and total volume transport","volume":"68","author":"Artana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-21-0103.1","article-title":"Global Oceanic Mass Transport by Coherent Eddies","volume":"52","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017271","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017271","article-title":"Revisiting the Malvinas Current Upper Circulation and Water Masses Using a High-Resolution Ocean Reanalysis","volume":"126","author":"Artana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aosl.2020.100011","article-title":"Oceanic mesoscale eddy in the Kuroshio extension: Comparison of four datasets","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2011.01.002","article-title":"Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies","volume":"91","author":"Chelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.02","article-title":"Eddy dynamics from satellite altimetry","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-7471(70)90059-8","article-title":"Horizontal dispersion of floatable particles in the vicinity of velocity singularities such as convergences","volume":"17","author":"Okubo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(90)90058-8","article-title":"Bankruptcy resolution: Direct costs and violation of priority of claims","volume":"27","author":"Weiss","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2008.10.013","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies off Peru in altimeter records: Identification algorithms and eddy spatio-temporal patterns","volume":"79","author":"Chaigneau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHO725.1","article-title":"A vector geometry\u2013based eddy detection algorithm and its application to a high-resolution numerical model product and high-frequency radar surface velocities in the Southern California Bight","volume":"27","author":"Nencioli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-019-1519-y","article-title":"Identification and census statistics of multicore eddies based on sea surface height data in global oceans","volume":"39","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-20-0020.1","article-title":"Three mesoscale eddy detection and tracking methods: Assessment for the South China Sea","volume":"38","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C06018","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006716","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea: Mean properties, spatiotemporal variability, and impact on thermohaline structure","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010176","article-title":"Long-lived mesoscale eddies in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Analysis of 20 years of AVISO geostrophic velocities","volume":"119","author":"Mkhinini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012171","article-title":"Characterizing frontal eddies along the East Australian Current from HF radar observations","volume":"122","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016922","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016922","article-title":"Characteristics of 3-Dimensional Structure and Heat Budget of Mesoscale Eddies in the South Atlantic Ocean","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C00H14","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007354","article-title":"Three-dimensional oceanic eddy analysis in the Southern California Bight from a numerical product","volume":"117","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2015.01.007","article-title":"Three-dimensional properties of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea based on eddy-resolving model output","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JC018406","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JC018406","article-title":"Cross-Slope Heat and Salt Transport Induced by Slope Intrusion Eddy\u2019s Horizontal Asymmetry in the Northern South China Sea","volume":"127","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"159","article-title":"Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"Volume 151","author":"Steele","year":"2001","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7413","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011047","article-title":"Southern Ocean eddy phenomenology","volume":"120","author":"Frenger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-022-2006-4","article-title":"Three-dimensional characteristics of mesoscale eddies simulated by a regional model in the northwestern Pacific Ocean during 2000\u20132008","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:31:04Z","timestamp":1760124664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/9\/2462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15092462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15092462","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]}}}