{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:46:45Z","timestamp":1767890805798,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Project CASEarth","award":["XDA19080101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19080101"]}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Project CASEarth","award":["XDA19080103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19080103"]}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Project CASEarth","award":["GuikeAA20302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeAA20302022"]}]},{"name":"the Innovation Drive Development Special Project of Guangxi","award":["XDA19080101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19080101"]}]},{"name":"the Innovation Drive Development Special Project of Guangxi","award":["XDA19080103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19080103"]}]},{"name":"the Innovation Drive Development Special Project of Guangxi","award":["GuikeAA20302022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeAA20302022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The world is transitioning to renewable energy, with photovoltaic (PV) solar power being one of the most promising energy sources. Large-scale PV mapping provides the most up-to-date and accurate PV geospatial information, which is crucial for planning and constructing PV power plants, optimizing energy structure, and assessing the ecological impact of PVs. However, previous methods of PV extraction relied on simple models and single data sources, which could not accurately obtain PV geospatial information. Therefore, we propose the Filter-Embedded Network (FEPVNet), which embeds high-pass and low-pass filters and Polarized Self-Attention (PSA) into a High-Resolution Network (HRNet) to improve its noise resistance and adaptive feature extraction capabilities, ultimately enhancing the accuracy of PV extraction. We also introduce three data migration strategies by combining Sentinel-2, Google-14, and Google-16 images in varying proportions and transferring the FEPVNet trained on Sentinel-2 images to Gaofen-2 images, which improves the generalization performance of models trained on a single data source for extracting PVs in images of different scales. Our model improvement experiments demonstrate that the Intersection over Union (IoU) of FEPVNet in segmenting China PVs in Sentinel-2 images reaches 88.68%, a 2.37% increase compared to the HRNet. Furthermore, we use FEPVNet and the optimal migration strategy to extract photovoltaics across scales, achieving a precision of 94.37%. In summary, this study proposes the FEPVNet model with adaptive strategies for extracting PVs from multiple image sources, with significant potential for application in large-scale PV mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T05:09:19Z","timestamp":1683522559000},"page":"2469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["FEPVNet: A Network with Adaptive Strategies for Cross-Scale Mapping of Photovoltaic Panels from Multi-Source Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Buyu","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0618-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haowei","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5452-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuecao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BP (2022, October 20). 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