{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:50:01Z","timestamp":1782791401350,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["U2243230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2243230"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42201414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201414"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42171374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171374"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42071336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071336"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42171385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171385"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42101366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101366"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42201433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201433"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["42001311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001311"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["CASPLOS-CCSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CASPLOS-CCSI"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund","award":["PRG302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG302"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["U2243230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2243230"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42201414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201414"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42171374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171374"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42071336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071336"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42171385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171385"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42101366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101366"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42201433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201433"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["42001311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001311"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["CASPLOS-CCSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CASPLOS-CCSI"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Young support talents program\u2019 from the Science, Technology Association of Jilin Province (2020\u20132023)","award":["PRG302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG302"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["U2243230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2243230"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42201414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201414"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42171374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171374"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42071336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071336"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42171385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171385"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42101366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101366"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42201433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201433"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["42001311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001311"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["CASPLOS-CCSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CASPLOS-CCSI"]}]},{"name":"Land Observation Satellite Supporting Platform of National Civil Space Infrastructure Project","award":["PRG302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG302"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["U2243230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2243230"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42201414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201414"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42171374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171374"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42071336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071336"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42171385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171385"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42101366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101366"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42201433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201433"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["42001311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001311"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["CASPLOS-CCSI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CASPLOS-CCSI"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["PRG302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lake turbidity, representing a general indicator of water \u2018cloudiness\u2019, is a key parameter in many monitoring programs. It is not possible to cover all lakes with frequent in situ monitoring. Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Imager (MSI) can help to fill the gaps if a robust turbidity retrieval methodology is developed. Previously published results demonstrated the usefulness of MSI at a limited regional scale, while our aim was to develop methodology that allows monitoring turbidity over the whole of China. We proposed methodology with a reflectance that can be classified into optical water types (OWTs), and then a back propagation neural network model (BP-TURB) is used to estimate turbidity. The reflectance of in situ lake samples extracted from MSI imagery was clustered as three OWTs, and validation performance was satisfactory: R2 &gt; 0.81, RMSE &lt; 17.54, and MAE &lt; 11.20. This allowed us to map turbidity in all Chinese lakes, of which the area is larger than 1 km2. A larger percentage of clear lakes (53.26%) with low turbidity levels (&lt;10 NTU) was found in 2020 than in 2015 (37.43%). Lakes in the plateau regions generally exhibited lower turbidity than those situated in the plains regions, for which the turbidity patterns were determined by lake volume, averaged depth, and elevation. We demonstrated that the Sentinel-2 MSI data with the novel approach proposed by us allows for mapping lake turbidity over a large variety of lakes and extensive geographic conditions, as well as for revealing temporal changes in these lakes and their links to lake abiotic characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T01:57:51Z","timestamp":1683683871000},"page":"2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Lake Turbidity Mapping Using an OWTs-bp Based Framework and Sentinel-2 Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4605-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiit","family":"Kutser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaishan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lampert, W., and Sommer, U. (2007). Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15108-z","article-title":"Global lake thermal regions shift under climate change","volume":"11","author":"Maberly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x","article-title":"Turbidity Suspended Sediment, and Water Clarity: A Review 1","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Anderson, C.W. (2005). Turbidity 6.7, USGS National Field Manual for The Collection of Water Quality Data."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.12.007","article-title":"Estimating turbidity and total suspended matter in the Adour River plume (South Bay of Biscay) using MODIS 250-m imagery","volume":"30","author":"Petus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Michaud, J.P. (1991). A Citizen\u2019s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams, Washington State Department of Ecology, Publications Office. Publ. #94\u2013149."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4081\/jlimnol.2014.837","article-title":"The effect of turbidity and prey fish density on consumption rates of piscivorous Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis","volume":"73","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0322-x","article-title":"Wordlwide alteration of lake mixing regimes in response to climate change","volume":"12","author":"Woolway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006950","article-title":"Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges","volume":"81","author":"Dudgeon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/02626668009491950","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of water turbidity\/Sonde de t\u00e9l\u00e9mesure par satellite de la turbidit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau","volume":"25","author":"Moore","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9132","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3109292","article-title":"Remote sensing of turbidity for lakes in northeast China using Sentinel-2 images with machine learning algorithms","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0940a1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abac79","article-title":"Changes of inundation area and water turbidity of Tonle Sap Lake: Responses to climate changes or upstream dam construction?","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.004","article-title":"Remote sensing platforms and sensors: A survey","volume":"115","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W09515","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011005","article-title":"Evaluation of medium to low resolution satellite imagery for regional lake water quality assessments","volume":"47","author":"Olmanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toming, K., Kutser, T., Laas, A., Sepp, M., Paavel, B., and N\u00f5ges, T. (2016). First experiences in mapping lake water quality parameters with Sentinel-2 MSI imagery. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080640"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146271","article-title":"Quantification of chlorophyll-a in typical lakes across China using Sentinel-2 MSI imagery with machine learning algorithm","volume":"778","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.10.027","article-title":"Sentinel-2\/Landsat-8 product consistency and implications for monitoring aquatic systems","volume":"220","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soomets, T., Uudeberg, K., Jakovels, D., Brauns, A., Zagars, M., and Kutser, T. (2020). Validation and comparison of water quality products in baltic lakes using sentinel-2 msi and sentinel-3 OLCI data. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030742"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.11.038","article-title":"Regional differences of lake evolution across China during 1960s\u20132015 and its natural and anthropogenic causes","volume":"221","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.006","article-title":"Fifteen-year monitoring of the turbidity dynamics in large lakes and reservoirs in the middle and lower basin of the Yangtze River, China","volume":"190","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8884","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3101475","article-title":"Quantifying Turbidity Variation for Lakes in Daqing of Northeast China Using Landsat Images From 1984 to 2018","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C07006","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007864","article-title":"Human induced turbidity changes in Poyang Lake between 2000 and 2010: Observations from MODIS","volume":"117","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1029\/95GB02832","article-title":"Oceanic primary production: 2. Estimation at global scale from satellite (coastal zone color scanner) chlorophyll","volume":"10","author":"Antoine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"102187","article-title":"Observations of water transparency in China\u2019s lakes from space","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.022","article-title":"Calibration and validation of a generic multisensor algorithm for mapping of total suspended matter in turbid waters","volume":"114","author":"Nechad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, L., Duran-Llacer, I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez, L., Cardenas, R., and Urrutia, R. (2021). Retrieving water turbidity in araucanian lakes (South-central chile) based on multispectral landsat imagery. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163133"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.001","article-title":"Aquatic color radiometry remote sensing of coastal and inland waters: Challenges and recommendations for future satellite missions","volume":"160","author":"Mouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.021","article-title":"Remote sensing of inland waters: Challenges, progress and future directions","volume":"157","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10674","article-title":"Optical types of inland and coastal waters","volume":"63","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.04.027","article-title":"A global approach for chlorophyll-a retrieval across optically complex inland waters based on optical water types","volume":"229","author":"Neil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.02.012","article-title":"Dissolved carbon and CDOM in lake ice and underlying waters along a salinity gradient in shallow lakes of Northeast China","volume":"571","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151188","article-title":"A unified model for high resolution mapping of global lake (>1 ha) clarity using Landsat imagery data","volume":"810","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127613","article-title":"Mapping the trophic state index of eastern lakes in China using an empirical model and Sentinel-2 imagery data","volume":"608","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wang, S.M., and Dou, H.S. (1998). Lakes in China."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Water Environment Federation. [20th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13321","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00463","article-title":"Variability in the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of natural phytoplankton: Analysis and parameterization","volume":"100","author":"Bricaud","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112651","article-title":"Complementary water quality observations from high and medium resolution Sentinel sensors by aligning chlorophyll-a and turbidity algorithms","volume":"265","author":"Warren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.010","article-title":"Understanding variation in trophic status of lakes on the Boreal Plain: A 20 year retrospective using Landsat TM imagery","volume":"109","author":"Sass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"H11H\u201305","article-title":"HydroSHEDS: A Global Comprehensive Hydrographic Dataset","volume":"Volume 2007","author":"Wickel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13603","article-title":"Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach","volume":"7","author":"Messager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12601-012-0032-4","article-title":"Variability of suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea from the geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)","volume":"47","author":"Ruddick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8858408","article-title":"Modelling reservoir chlorophyll-a, TSS, and turbidity using Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat-8 OLI satellite sensors with empirical multivariate regression","volume":"2020","author":"Ouma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.007","article-title":"Monitoring and understanding the water transparency changes of fifty large lakes on the Yangtze Plain based on long-term MODIS observations","volume":"221","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.021","article-title":"An optical water type framework for selecting and blending retrievals from bio-optical algorithms in lakes and coastal waters","volume":"143","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111284","article-title":"A harmonized image processing workflow using Sentinel-2\/MSI and Landsat-8\/OLI for mapping water clarity in optically variable lake systems","volume":"231","author":"Page","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.022","article-title":"A hybrid algorithm for estimating the chlorophyll-a concentration across different trophic states in Asian inland waters","volume":"102","author":"Matsushita","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.06.002","article-title":"An optimized chlorophyll a switching algorithm for MERIS and OLCI in phytoplankton-dominated waters","volume":"215","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC000882","article-title":"Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe","volume":"108","author":"Babin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111800","article-title":"Quantification of lake clarity in China using Landsat OLI imagery data","volume":"243","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Greb, S., Dekker, A., and Binding, C. (2018). Earth Observations in Support of Global Water Quality Monitoring, International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG). IOCCG Report."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.020","article-title":"Estimating lake carbon fractions from remote sensing data","volume":"157","author":"Kutser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.339","article-title":"Climate change leads to a doubling of turbidity in a rapidly expanding Tibetan lake","volume":"688","author":"Mi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113892","article-title":"Resuspension and settlement characteristics of lake sediments amended by phosphorus inactivating materials: Implications for environmental remediation","volume":"302","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.025","article-title":"Sensor independent adjacency correction algorithm for coastal and inland water systems","volume":"157","author":"Kiselev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2010.12.002","article-title":"Approximate bottom contribution to remote sensing reflectance in Taihu Lake, China","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1993.38.6.1321","article-title":"Quantifying absorption by aquatic particles: A multiple scattering correction for glass-fiber filters","volume":"38","author":"Cleveland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.09.011","article-title":"Glacier and glacial lake changes and their relationship in the context of climate change, Central Tibetan Plateau 1972\u20132010","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"191","article-title":"New Spectrophotometric Equations for Determing Chlorophyll a, b, c1 and c2 in Higher Plants, Algae and Natural Phycoplankton","volume":"167","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babin, M., Stramski, D., and Ferrari, G. (2003). Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic mat-ter in coastal waters around Europe. J. Geophys Res. Oceans, 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC000882"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2489\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:32:08Z","timestamp":1760124728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15102489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15102489","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]}}}