{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1771067017321,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001556","name":"Ministry for Primary Industries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001556","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing number of satellite missions provides vast opportunities for continuous vegetation monitoring, crucial for precision agriculture and environmental sustainability. However, accurately estimating vegetation traits, such as nitrogen concentration (N%), from Landsat 7 (L7), Landsat 8 (L8), and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite data is challenging due to the diverse sensor configurations and complex atmospheric interactions. To address these limitations, we developed a unified and physically based method that combines a soil\u2013plant\u2013atmosphere radiative transfer (SPART) model with the bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function. This approach enables us to assess the effect of rugged terrain, viewing angles, and illumination geometry on the spectral reflectance of multiple sensors. Our methodology involves inverting radiative transfer model variables using numerical optimization to estimate N% and creating a hybrid model. We used Gaussian process regression (GPR) to incorporate the inverted variables into the hybrid model for N% prediction, resulting in a unified approach for N% estimation across different sensors. Our model shows a validation accuracy of 0.35 (RMSE %N), a mean prediction interval width (MPIW) of 0.35, and an R2 of 0.50, using independent data from multiple sensors collected between 2016 and 2019. Our unified method provides a promising solution for estimating N% in vegetation from L7, L8, and S2 satellite data, overcoming the limitations posed by diverse sensor configurations and complex atmospheric interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T01:57:51Z","timestamp":1683683871000},"page":"2491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Unified Physically Based Method for Monitoring Grassland Nitrogen Concentration with Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Sentinel-2 Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hossain","family":"Dehghan-Shoar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand"},{"name":"Stoneleigh Consulting Limited, 70a Francis Road, Whakamarama, Western Bay Of Plenty, Bay of Plenty 3172, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Reddy R.","family":"Pullanagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stoneleigh Consulting Limited, 70a Francis Road, Whakamarama, Western Bay Of Plenty, Bay of Plenty 3172, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4336-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabor","family":"Kereszturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Alvaro A.","family":"Orsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Mt Albert Science Centre, 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland 1025, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Yule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stoneleigh Consulting Limited, 70a Francis Road, Whakamarama, Western Bay Of Plenty, Bay of Plenty 3172, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Hanly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T.D., Castel, V., Rosales, M., Rosales, M., and de Haan, C. 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