{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:26:27Z","timestamp":1774664787937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Vermont Environmental Studies Program Ian Worley Award","award":["80NSSC23K0537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC23K0537"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"Phil Lasalle of the Norman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC23K0537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC23K0537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gund Institute","award":["80NSSC23K0537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC23K0537"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mangrove forests provide a range of ecosystem services but may be increasingly threatened by climate change in the North Atlantic due to high-intensity storms. Hurricane Irma (Category 5) hit the northern coast of Cuba in September 2017, causing widespread damage to mangroves; losses have not yet been extensively documented due to financial and logistical constraints for local scientists. Our team estimated Irma\u2019s impacts on Cuban ecosystems in a coastal and upland study area spanning over 1.7 million ha. We developed a multi-resolution time series \u201cvegetation anomaly\u201d approach, where post-disturbance observations in photosynthetically active vegetation (Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI) were normalized to the reference period (dry season mean over a historical time series). The Hurricane Disturbance Vegetation Anomaly (HDVA) was used to estimate the extent, severity, and temporal patterns of ecological changes with Sentinel-2 and MODIS data and used vicarious validation with microsatellite interpretation (Planet). HDVA values were classed to convey qualitative labels useful for local scientists: (1) Catastrophic, (2) Severe, (3) Moderate, (4) Mild, and (5) No Loss. Sentinel-2 had a limited reference period (2015\u20132017) compared to MODIS (2000\u20132017), yet the HDVA patterns were similar. Mangrove and wetlands (&gt;265,000 ha) sustained widespread damages, with a staggering 78% showing damage, largely severe to catastrophic (0\u20130.81 HDVA; &gt;207,000 ha). The damaged area is 24 times greater than impacts from Irma as documented elsewhere. Caguanes National Park (&gt;8400 ha, excluding marine zones) experienced concentrated, severe mangrove and wetland damages (nearly 4000 ha). The phenological declines from Irma\u2019s impacts took up to 17 months to fully actualize, a much longer period than previously suggested. In contrast, dry forests saw rapid green flushes post-hurricane. With the increase of high-intensity storm events and other threats to ecosystems, the HDVA methods outlined here can be used to assess intense to low-level damages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T01:57:51Z","timestamp":1683683871000},"page":"2495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Extent, Severity, and Temporal Patterns of Damage to Cuba\u2019s Ecosystems following Hurricane Irma: MODIS and Sentinel-2 Hurricane Disturbance Vegetation Anomaly (HDVA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hannah C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec, Portland, ME 04101, USA"},{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian L.","family":"Galford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"},{"name":"Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"}]},{"given":"Norgis","family":"Hernandez Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caguanes National Park, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Yaguajay 62100, Cuba"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Falc\u00f3n M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caguanes National Park, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Yaguajay 62100, Cuba"}]},{"given":"Daily Yanetsy","family":"Borroto-Escuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caguanes National Park, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Yaguajay 62100, Cuba"}]},{"given":"Idania","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caguanes National Park, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Yaguajay 62100, Cuba"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana 11300, Cuba"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.902546","article-title":"Global Assessment of Damage to Coastal Ecosystem Vegetation from Tropical Storms","volume":"5","author":"Potter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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