{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:53:43Z","timestamp":1770814423434,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"University of Helsinki (starting package funds to Porcar-Castell)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["820852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820852"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation indices (VIs) related to plant greenness have been studied extensively for the remote detection of foliar nitrogen content. Yet, the potential of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and photoprotection-based indices such as the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) or the chlorophyll\/carotenoid index (CCI) for the detection of a wide range of nutrients remains elusive. We measured the dynamics of foliar macro- and micronutrient contents in potato plants as affected by fertilization and water stress, along with leaf and canopy level observations of spectral reflectance and ChlF (or solar-induced fluorescence). ChlF and photoprotection-related indices were more strongly related to a wide range of foliar nutrient contents compared to greenness-based indices. At the leaf level, relationships were largely mediated by foliar chlorophyll contents (Cab) and leaf morphology, which resulted in two contrasting groupings: a group dominated by macronutrients N, P, K, and Mg that decreased during canopy development and was positively correlated with Cab, and a group including Cu, Mn, Zn, and S that increased and was negatively related to Cab. At the canopy-level, spectral indices were additionally influenced by canopy structure, and so their capacity to detect foliar nutrient contents depends on the spatiotemporal covariation between foliar Cab, morphology, and canopy structure within the observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T01:57:51Z","timestamp":1683683871000},"page":"2498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigating Foliar Macro- and Micronutrient Variation with Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Reflectance Measurements at the Leaf and Canopy Scales in Potato"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Oivukkam\u00e4ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Forest Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7670-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Forest Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5379-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Forest Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Plant Phenomics Research Centre, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Riikonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Forest Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Forest Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5486-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teemu","family":"Hakala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eija","family":"Honkavaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1357-9982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Porcar-Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Forest Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156401","article-title":"Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems","volume":"321","author":"Diaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"332","article-title":"Precision conservation for environmental sustainability","volume":"58","author":"Berry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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