{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:28:59Z","timestamp":1773264539108,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project of China","award":["2021M701109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701109"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project of China","award":["2018YFD0300701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0300701"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research Project of China","award":["2021M701109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701109"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research Project of China","award":["2018YFD0300701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0300701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheat yellow mosaic disease is a low-temperature and soil-borne disease. Crop infection by the yellow mosaic virus can lead to severe yield and economic losses. It is easily confused with nitrogen deficiency based on the plant\u2019s morphological characteristics. Timely disease detection and crop management in the field require the precise identification of crop stress types. However, the detection of crop stress is often underappreciated. Wheat nitrogen deficiency and yellow mosaic disease were investigated in the field and wheat physiological and biochemical experiments were conducted to collect agronomic indicators, four years of reflectance spectral data at green-up and jointing were collected, and then studies for the detection of nitrogen deficiency and yellow mosaic disease stresses were carried out. The continuous removal (CR), first-order derivative (FD), standard normal variate (SNV), and spectral separation of soil and vegetation (3SV) preprocessing methods and 96 spectral indices were evaluated. The threshold method and variance inflation factor (TVIF) were used as feature selection methods combined with machine learning to develop a crop stress detection method. The results show that the most sensitive wavelengths are found in the 725\u20131000 nm region, while the sensitivity of the spectrum in the 400\u2013725 nm region is lower. The PRI670,570, B, and RARSa spectral indices can detect nitrogen deficiency and yellow leaf disease stress, and the OA and Kappa values are 93.87% and 0.873, respectively, for PRI670,570, which is the best index. A 3SV-TVIF-SVM stress detection method was then proposed, using OA and Kappa values of 96.97% and 0.931, respectively, for field data validation. The results of the study can provide technical support and a theoretical basis for the accurate control of yellow mosaic disease and nitrogen fertilizer management in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:24Z","timestamp":1683769044000},"page":"2513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Improved Spectral Detection of Nitrogen Deficiency and Yellow Mosaic Disease Stresses in Wheat Using a Soil Effect Removal Algorithm and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ziheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianzhao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuezhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wandai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Wheat\/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.11.003","article-title":"Changes in thermal infrared spectra of plants caused by temperature and water stress","volume":"111","author":"Maria","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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