{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T23:10:25Z","timestamp":1765667425031,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The United Nations defines desertification as the loss of productivity in arid and semiarid environments. The extended steppes of Patagonia harbor small meadows whose compounded area is comparatively small, but their aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is up to ten times higher than their surroundings. These meadows then represent a key ecosystem for cattle grazing systems, but there are no descriptions of the trends in their ANPP and, consequently, their carrying capacity, and, as a result, their degradation syndromes. Our objectives were as follows: (1) analyze the trends of mean and spatial heterogeneity of annual ANPP in meadows and neighboring steppes and relate them with precipitation and temperature, (2) evaluate the impact on the livestock carrying capacity of meadows in the region, and (3) evaluate the degradation trends of these meadows, based on a novel description proposed to characterize the trend syndromes of these type of ecosystems. We identified meadow areas across a subcontinental scale in Patagonia, covering a mean annual precipitation range from 129 to 936 mm. We estimated ANPP on a monthly basis from 2000 to 2019 via regional calibrated remote sensing information. In the last two decades, ANPP decreased in 74% of the studied meadow areas, while remaining relatively stable in the nearby steppes. This decrease was relatively higher in the arid end of the analyzed precipitation gradient. Hence, the global carrying capacity for all the studied meadow areas decreased by 8%. Finally, we identified four trend syndromes based on the combination of the ANPP trend and its spatial heterogeneity, calculated as the spatial standard deviation. The predominant trend syndrome, in 55% of the area, was associated with a negative trend of both ANPP and spatial heterogeneity. These results could help prioritize areas where specific management decisions, given the different trend syndromes, could help revert ANPP negative trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1683853510000},"page":"2531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trends of Aboveground Net Primary Productivity of Patagonian Meadows, the Omitted Ecosystem in Desertification Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Curcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Chacabuco 513, Esquel Chubut 9200, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Irisarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Net Zero & Resilient Farming Directorate, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Devon EX20 2SB, UK"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol\u00f3gicas y Ecol\u00f3gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Buenos Aires\u2014CONICET, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Chacabuco 513, Esquel Chubut 9200, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Oesterheld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol\u00f3gicas y Ecol\u00f3gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Buenos Aires\u2014CONICET, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.02.019","article-title":"Spatial-temporal change of carbon storage and sink of wetland ecosystem in arid regions, Ningxia Plain","volume":"204","author":"Xiaoyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.05.002","article-title":"Controls of carbon flux in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem experiencing wetland loss: Vegetation patterns and environmental variables","volume":"259","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UNCCD (2023, May 07). Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and\/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Available online: https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/handle\/20.500.11822\/27569;jsessionid=3C6D21F808FF14535A97268CAD716845."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05572-6","article-title":"Extensive global wetland loss over the past three centuries","volume":"614","author":"Stocker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892902000085","article-title":"Temperate freshwater wetlands: Types, status, and threats","volume":"29","author":"Brinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2011.08.004","article-title":"Types and internal hydro-geomorphologic variability of mallines (wet-meadows) of Patagonia: Emphasis on volcanic plateaus","volume":"46","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. S. Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12224-009-9044-y","article-title":"Wetlands of the magellanic steppe (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)","volume":"44","author":"Collantes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Geobot."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Oliva, G., Garc\u00eda, G., Ferrante, D., Massara, V., Rimoldi, P., D\u00edaz, B., and Paredes, P. (2017). Estado de los Recursos Naturales de la Patagonia Sur Centro Regional Patagonia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"329","article-title":"Ecohydrological conditions of wetlands along a precipitation gradient in Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"21","author":"Chimner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Austral"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-822X.2004.00118.x","article-title":"Regional scale relationships between ecosystem structure and functioning: The case of the Patagonian steppes","volume":"13","author":"Paruelo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2010.05.026","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of primary production of Patagonian wet meadows","volume":"74","author":"Buono","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2011.01326.x","article-title":"Patterns and controls of above-ground net primary production in meadows of Patagonia. A remote sensing approach","volume":"23","author":"Irisarri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BINV.0000041560.33770.97","article-title":"Susceptibility of a Patagonian mall\u00edn flooded meadow to invasion by exotic species","volume":"6","author":"Raffaele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Navarro, M., Navarro, C., Barrios, R., Calamari, N., Dieta, V., Mart\u00ednez Garc\u00eda, G., Iturralde Elortegui, M., Kurtz, D., Michard, N., and Paredes, P. (2023, April 20). Mapa de Distribuci\u00f3n Potencial de Humedales en Argentina. Informe T\u00e9cnico. Available online: https:\/\/intahumedales.users.earthengine.app\/view\/mapahumedalesargentina."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"391","article-title":"La condici\u00f3n de los mallines del \u00e1rea ecol\u00f3gica sierras y mesetas de Patagonia","volume":"12","author":"Bonvissuto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Argentina Prod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bruce, A., and Dufilho, A.C. (2002). Los mallines en Patagonia: Una perspectiva hist\u00f3rico cultural de los recursos naturales. Mundo Agrar., 2, Available online: http:\/\/www.scielo.org.ar\/scielo.php?pid=S1515-59942002000100005&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Collantes, M.B., and Faggi, A.M. (1999). Los Humedales del Sur de Sudam\u00e9rica. T\u00f3picos Sobre Humedales Subtropicales y Templados de Sudam\u00e9rica, Unesco."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"69","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre la superficie y clase de mallines y la composici\u00f3n de la estructura ganadera en establecimientos del noroeste de la Patagonia","volume":"30","author":"Easdale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Prod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"265","article-title":"Sustainability and range management in the Patagonian steppes","volume":"8","author":"Golluscio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Austral"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15733","article-title":"Discriminating the biophysical signal from human-induced effects on long-term primary production dynamics. The case of Patagonia","volume":"27","author":"Irisarri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Oliva, G., Gaitan, J., and Ferrante, D. (2016). The End of Desertification?, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"59","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico de la evoluci\u00f3n del clima y los pastizales naturales en el noroeste de la provincia de Chubut en el per\u00edodo 2000-2014","volume":"34","author":"Ciari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agri. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.2307\/1941209","article-title":"Water Losses in the Patagonian Steppe: A Modelling Approach","volume":"76","author":"Paruelo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-019-00393-7","article-title":"Risks of Neglecting Phenology When Assessing Climatic Controls of Primary Production","volume":"23","author":"Bandieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2019.100593","article-title":"A new global database of meteorological drought events from 1951 to 2016","volume":"22","author":"Spinoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irisarri, J.G.N., Cipriotti, P.A., Texeira, M., and Curcio, M.H. (2022). Trends in ANPP Response to Temperature in Wetland Meadows across a Subcontinental Gradient in Patagonia. Meteorology, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/meteorology1020015"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13408","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13408","article-title":"Remotely sensed primary productivity shows that domestic and native herbivores combined are overgrazing Patagonia","volume":"56","author":"Oliva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Boggio, F., Cremona, M.V., Aramayo, M.V.D.L., Girardin, L., Raffo, F., Fari\u00f1a, C.M., and Enriquez, A.S. (2023, April 20). Gu\u00eda para el curso: \u201cRestauraci\u00f3n y Mejoramiento de Mallines Mediante obras de Redistribuci\u00f3n del agua de Escurrimiento\u201d Ediciones INTA 2019. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.12123\/6529."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"43","article-title":"Din\u00e1mica de la vegetaci\u00f3n de los humedales del Parque Nacional Laguna Blanca (Neuqu\u00e9n, Argentina). Propuesta de un modelo de estados y transiciones","volume":"20","author":"Gandullo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Agron. UNLPam"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"48","article-title":"Impacto humano sobre los ecosistemas: El caso de la desertificaci\u00f3n","volume":"13","author":"Aguiar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cienchoy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.2111\/REM-D-11-00201.1","article-title":"Grazing and grazing exclusion along a resource gradient in magellanic meadows of tierra del fuego","volume":"66","author":"Collantes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08227","article-title":"Early-warning signals for critical transitions","volume":"461","author":"Scheffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/467411a","article-title":"Foreseeing tipping points","volume":"467","author":"Scheffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"85","article-title":"The climate of Patagonia: General patterns and controls on biotic processes","volume":"8","author":"Paruelo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Austral"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"47","article-title":"Estimaci\u00f3n del r\u00e9gimen de precipitaci\u00f3n a partir de la distancia a la cordillera en el noroeste de la Patagonia","volume":"5","author":"Paruelo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Austral"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"125","article-title":"Grandes unidades de vegetacion de la Patagonia extra andina","volume":"8","author":"Bran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Austral"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040","DOI":"10.25260\/EA.18.28.1.0.399","article-title":"Unidades de vegetaci\u00f3n de la Argentina","volume":"28","author":"Oyarzabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Austral"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"IDE Chile (2023, February 09). Pisos Vegetacionales de Luebert y Pliscoff. Available online: https:\/\/www.ide.cl\/index.php\/flora-y-fauna\/item\/1524-pisos-vegetacionales-luebert-pliscoff-2017."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Merlo, L.R. (2017). Variaci\u00f3n Espacial y Temporal de la Producci\u00f3n Primaria Neta A\u00e9rea de Mallines de la Patagonia. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2013.11.008","article-title":"Modeling meadow distribution for conservation action in arid and semi-arid Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"102","author":"Crego","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Mazzoni, E., and V\u00e1zquez, M. (2001, January 4\u201310). Evaluaci\u00f3n de pastizales h\u00famedos para un aprovechamiento sustentable en la cuenca del r\u00edo Gallegos (Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina). Proceedings of the VIII Encuentro Latinoam, Ge\u00f3grafos, Santiago, Chile."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"163","article-title":"a Desarrollo de un sistema de informacion geografico (SIG) como herramienta para la planificacion manejo del pasroreo en mallines del Dpto. de Pilcaniyeu, Rio Negro","volume":"9","author":"Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revisita Cient. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Utrilla, V., Ferrante, D., Peri, P., Kofalt, J.C., and Humano, G. (2008). Efecto de la din\u00e1mica h\u00eddrica ed\u00e1fica y ambiental sobre la productividad y calidad forrajera de mallines en la Patagonia Austral. Informe t\u00e9cnico final. EEA INTA Santa Cruz, 31."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12224-012-9143-z","article-title":"Magellanic Wetlands: More than Moor","volume":"48","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Geobot."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"31","article-title":"Monitoreo de indicadores de degradaci\u00f3n en mallines bajo pastoreo ovino en el Sur de Santa Cruz","volume":"40","author":"Utrilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"May\u00e9utica"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Vargas, P.P., and Mazzoni, E. (2023, March 10). Caracterizaci\u00f3n de la Composici\u00f3n Flor\u00edstica y Productividad Primaria del Mall\u00edn Pali Aike, Patagonia Austral Argentina. Available online: https:\/\/redargentinadegeografiafisica.files.wordpress.com\/2014\/04\/trabajo-vargas-y-mazzoni.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.22305\/ict-unpa.v7i1.118","article-title":"Composici\u00f3n Flor\u00edstica De Peque\u00f1as Areas De Mallines Con Distintas Exposici\u00f3n Y Pendiente","volume":"7","author":"Grima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Cient\u00edficos T\u00e9cnicos-UNPA"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"41","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n y cartograf\u00eda de mallines de las zonas de Loncopu\u00e9 y Chos Malal, provincia del Neuqu\u00e9n","volume":"131","author":"Gaitan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comun. T\u00e9cnica"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Irisarri, J.G.N., Oyarzabal, M., Arocena, D., Vassallo, M., and Oesterheld, M. (2018). Focus: Software de Gesti\u00f3n de Informaci\u00f3n Satelital Para Observar Recursos Naturales (Versi\u00f3n 2018), LART, IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"277","article-title":"Climate and the Efficiency of Crop Production in Britain","volume":"281","author":"Monteith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"27","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n espacial de la radiaci\u00f3n fotosint\u00e9ticamente activa en Argentina","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meteorologica"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Baldassini, P., Irisarri, G., Oyarz\u00e1bal, M., and Paruelo, J.M. (2012). Eficiencia en el uso de la Radiaci\u00f3n y Controles de la Productividad de las Estepas Patag\u00f3nicas, Reuni\u00f3n Argentina de Ecolog\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapin, F.S., Matson, P.A., and Mooney, H.A. (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b97397"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/grs.12302","article-title":"Variability of radiation use efficiency in mixed pastures under varying resource availability, defoliation and time scale","volume":"67","author":"Grigera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Grassl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","article-title":"TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2019.102750","article-title":"Temporal variation of stocking rate and primary production in the face of drought and land use change","volume":"178","author":"Irisarri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2023, April 20). Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/psych\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"ARC (Agricultural Research Council) (1980). The Nutrient Requirement of Ruminant Livestock, England Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Fran\u00e7ois, R., Henry, L., M\u00fcller, K., and Vaughan, D. (2023, February 09). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. Available online: https:\/\/dplyr.tidyverse.org\/authors.html."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Wickham, H., and Girlich, M. (2023, February 09). Tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. Available online: https:\/\/tidyr.tidyverse.org\/."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Oliva, G., and Gaitan, J. (2023, April 20). Positive Changes in Regional Vegetation Cover in Patagonia Shown by MARAS Monitoring System. Available online: https:\/\/uknowledge.uky.edu\/igc\/24\/1\/38\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-014-9393-z","article-title":"Grazing intensity levels influence C reservoirs of wet and mesic meadows along a precipitation gradient in Northern Patagonia","volume":"23","author":"Enriquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3800(91)90059-A","article-title":"Modelling diet selection and intake for grazing herbivores","volume":"57","author":"Blackburn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.02.029","article-title":"Roots contribute more to refractory soil organic matter than above-ground crop residues, as revealed by a long-term field experiment","volume":"141","author":"Bolinder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2023, February 10). Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edsticas y Censos (INDEC) de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina Censo Nacional Agropecuario 2002. Available online: https:\/\/datos.gob.ar\/dataset\/agroindustria-censo---ganaderia-cna-02."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, February 10). Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INDEC) de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina Censo Nacional Agropecuario 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.indec.gob.ar\/indec\/web\/Nivel4-Tema-3-8-87."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01883.x","article-title":"Desertification alters the response of vegetation to changes in precipitation","volume":"47","author":"Paruelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01356.x","article-title":"Desertification in the Sahel: A reinterpretation of a reinterpretation","volume":"13","author":"Prince","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.01.021","article-title":"Assessing desertification","volume":"66","author":"Paruelo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105545","article-title":"Trend-cycles of vegetation dynamics as a tool for land degradation assessment and monitoring","volume":"107","author":"Easdale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"266","article-title":"Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium","volume":"42","author":"Westoby","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag. J. Range Manag. Arch."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-017-9577-4","article-title":"Particulate organic carbon is a sensitive indicator of soil degradation related to overgrazing in Patagonian wet and mesic meadows","volume":"26","author":"Enriquez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611508104","article-title":"Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability","volume":"104","author":"Montgomery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Paruelo, J.M., Bertiller, M.B., Schichter, T.M., and Coronato, F.R. (1993). Secuencias de Deterioro de Distintos Ambientes Patag\u00f3nicos. Su Caracterarterizaci\u00f3n Mediante el Modelo de Estados y Transiciones, Convenio Argentino-Alem\u00e1n de Cooperaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Deutsche Gesellschaftf\u00fcr Technische Zusammenarbeit (INTA-GTZ) (Ludepa-SMR)."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Enriquez, A.S., and Cremona, M.V. (2023, April 20). El rol de los suelos en la restauracion ecol\u00f3gica. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.inta.gob.ar\/handle\/20.500.12123\/5065."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-021-02146-2","article-title":"Identifying high priority conservation areas for Patagonian wetlands biodiversity","volume":"30","author":"Epele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00658-0","article-title":"The MARAS dataset, vegetation and soil characteristics of dryland rangelands across Patagonia","volume":"7","author":"Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:33:06Z","timestamp":1760124786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15102531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15102531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]}}}