{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:11:13Z","timestamp":1767856273006,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Research on Ecological Conservation and High-Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin program","award":["2022-YRUC-01-0102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-YRUC-01-0102"]}]},{"name":"Joint Research on Ecological Conservation and High-Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin program","award":["42101266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101266"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-YRUC-01-0102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-YRUC-01-0102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate land cover (LC) datasets are the basis for global environmental and climate change studies. Recently, numerous open-source annual LC datasets have been created due to advances in remote sensing technology. However, the agreements and sources of error that affect the accuracy of current annual LC datasets are not well understood, which limits the widespread use of these datasets. We compared four annual LC datasets, namely the CLCD, MCD12Q1, CCI-LC, and GLASS-LC, in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) to identify their spatial and temporal agreement for nine LC classes and to analyze their sources of error. The Mann\u2013Kendall test, Sen\u2019s slope analysis, Taylor diagram, and error decomposition analysis were used in this study. Our results showed that the main LC classes in the four datasets were grassland and cropland (total area percentage &gt; 80%), but their trends in area of change were different. For the main LC classes, the temporal agreement was the highest between the CCI-LC and CLCD (0.85), followed by the MCD12Q1 (0.21), while the lowest was between the GLASS-LC and CLCD (\u22120.11). The spatial distribution of area for the main LC classes was largely similar between the four datasets, but the spatial agreement in their trends in area of change varied considerably. The spatial variation in the trends in area of change for the cropland, forest, grassland, barren, and impervious LC classes were mainly located in the upstream area region (UA) and the midstream area region (MA) of the YRB, where the percentage of systematic error was high (&gt;68.55%). This indicated that the spatial variation between the four datasets was mainly caused by systematic errors. Between the four datasets, the total error increased along with landscape heterogeneity. These results not only improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal agreement and sources of error between the various current annual LC datasets, but also provide support for land policy making in the YRB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T09:26:13Z","timestamp":1683883573000},"page":"2539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of Various Annual Land Cover Datasets in the Yellow River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection for Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection for Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection for Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection for Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection for Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection for Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Command Center of Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey, CGS, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123333","article-title":"Assessment and prediction of carbon sequestration using Markov chain and InVEST model in Sariska Tiger Reserve, India","volume":"278","author":"Babbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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