{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:35:36Z","timestamp":1782959736423,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41630425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perturbations from thunderstorms can play a notable role in the dynamics of the ionosphere. In this work, ionospheric perturbation effects due to thunderstorms were extracted and studied. Thunderstorm-associated lightning activities and their locations were detected by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The mechanical components of ionospheric perturbations due to thunderstorms were extracted from the total electron content (TEC), which was measured at selected thunderstorm locations using the polynomial filtering method. Further analyses were conducted using wavelet analysis and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to study the frequency modes and periodicities of TEC deviation. It was revealed that the highest magnitudes of TEC deviations could reach up to ~2.2 TECUs, with dominant modes of frequency in the range of ~0.2 mHz to ~1.2 mHz, falling within the gravity wave range and the second dominant mode in the acoustic range of &gt;1 mHz to &lt;7.5 mHz. Additionally, a 20\u201360 min time delay was observed between the sprite events, the other high-energy electrical discharges, and the time of occurrence at the highest peak of acoustic-gravity wave perturbations extracted from TEC deviations. The possible mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is further proposed and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1684204024000},"page":"2572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ionospheric Perturbations Due to Large Thunderstorms and the Resulting Mechanical and Acoustic Signatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Babalola O.","family":"Ogunsua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiushu","family":"Qie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Space and Atmospheric Science Division, North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umiam 793103, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladipo Emmanuel","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye 370111, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Nigeria"},{"name":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A06318","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JA011840","article-title":"Broadband very low frequency measurement of D region ionospheric perturbations caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses","volume":"112","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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