{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:35:23Z","timestamp":1770899723079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101094237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101094237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cultural heritage is a testimony of past human activity, and, as such, cultural objects exhibit great variety in their nature, size, and complexity, from small artefacts and museum items to cultural landscapes, and from historic buildings and ancient monuments to city centers and archaeological sites. Cultural heritage around the globe suffers from wars, natural disasters, and human negligence. More specifically, cultural goods and artefacts are put at risk through several anthropogenic actions: Anthropogenic threats take various dimensions, ranging from theft from museums, private collections, and religious buildings, smuggling of and illicit trade in cultural goods, the irremediable looting and demolition of archaeological sites by clandestine excavators, or simply neglect of heritage sites. Illicit trading has expanded dramatically recently, especially in areas affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters, either aiming at destroying collective memory and dismembering people\u2019s identity or mostly motivated by the pursuit of profit. Moreover, the illicit trafficking of cultural goods contributes to the funding of terrorism, organized crime, and money laundering. The mission of ENIGMA, a EUR 4 million EU funded project, is to achieve excellence in the protection of cultural goods and artefacts from man-made threats by contributing to their identification, traceability, and provenance research, as well as by safeguarding and monitoring endangered heritage sites. ENIGMA objectives are designed to help the involved stakeholders better respond to this complex and multi-dimensional problem and leverage active collaboration by fostering and enabling interlinking of databases, and evidence-based deployment of preventative measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1684204024000},"page":"2579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fighting Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Goods\u2014The ENIGMA Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Patias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Georgiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture, Brodie, N., Batura, O., Hoog, G., Yates, D., Slot, B., Batura, O., and van Wanrooij, N. (2023, May 10). Illicit Trade in Cultural Goods in Europe: Characteristics, Criminal Justice Responses and an Analysis of the Applicability of Technologies in the Combat Against the Trade: Final Report. Available online: https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2766\/183649."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Berends, J. (2023, May 10). Cultural Property Protection Makes Sense. Civil-Military Cooperation Centre of Excellence (CCOE). Available online: https:\/\/www.cimic-coe.org\/resources\/make-sense-series\/cpp-makes-sense-final-version-29-10-15.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). World Customs Organization Publications. Available online: http:\/\/www.wcoomd.org\/en\/topics\/enforcement-and-compliance\/resources\/publications.aspx."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Commission, Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (2023, May 10). Fighting Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods: Analysis of Customs Issues in the EU: Final Report. Available online: https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2778\/243134."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Council of Museums (2023, March 06). Red Lists Database. Available online: https:\/\/icom.museum\/en\/resources\/red-lists\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). World Customs Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.wcoomd.org\/~\/media\/wco\/public\/global\/pdf\/topics\/enforcement-and-compliance\/activities-and-programmes\/cultural-heritage\/archeo_brochure_en.pdf?la=en."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). Interpol Cultural Heritage Crime. Available online: https:\/\/www.INTERPOL.int\/Crime-areas\/Works-of-art\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). The Art Loss Register. Available online: http:\/\/www.artloss.com\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). Carabinieri, the Psyche Project. Available online: http:\/\/tpcweb.carabinieri.it\/SitoPubblico\/psyche\/generic?lang=EN."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"International Council of Museums (2023, March 06). Code of Ethics. Available online: https:\/\/icom.museum\/en\/resources\/standards-guidelines\/code-of-ethics\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). EU CULTNET. Available online: http:\/\/register.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/srv?l=EN&f=ST%2014232%202012%20INIT."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"18","article-title":"The international protection of cultural heritage in times of conflict: Efficient or deficient?","volume":"46","author":"Lababidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). ICOM International Observatory on Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods. Available online: https:\/\/www.obs-traffic.museum\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). ICOM International Observatory on Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods, Authentication. Available online: https:\/\/www.obs-traffic.museum\/authentication."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Interpol (2023, March 06). Stolen Works of Art Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/How-we-work\/Databases\/Stolen-Works-of-Art-Database."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Interpol (2023, March 06). ID-ART Mobile App. Available online: https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/en\/Crimes\/Cultural-heritage-crime\/ID-Art-mobile-app."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). iTPC Carabinieri. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=it.carabinieri.itpc&hl=en_US&gl=US."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Interpol (2023, March 06). Object ID. Available online: https:\/\/www.interpol.int\/Crimes\/Cultural-heritage-crime\/Object-ID."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"International Council of Museums (2023, March 06). Object ID. Available online: https:\/\/icom.museum\/en\/resources\/standards-guidelines\/objectid\/."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"605","article-title":"Assessing the Viability of Blockchain to Impact the Antiquities Trade","volume":"37","author":"Fincham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardozo Arts Entertain. Law J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Cardozo ARLJ (2023, March 06). Digital Art & Blockchain. Available online: https:\/\/cardozoaelj.com\/digital-art-blockchain\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Commission (2022). Study on Quality in 3D Digitization of Tangible Cultural Heritage: Mapping Parameters, Formats, Standards, Benchmarks, Methodologies, and Guidelines, VIGIE 2020\/654, EC 2022."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerra, D., Plank, S., Lysandrou, V., and Tian, J. (2016). Cultural Heritage Sites in Danger\u2014Towards Automatic Damage Detection from Space. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201609.0055.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"UNESCO (1970). Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"UNIDROIT (1995). Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, UNIDROIT."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.055","article-title":"\u2018Looting marks\u2019 in space-borne SAR imagery: Measuring rates of archaeological looting in Apamea (Syria) with TerraSAR-X Staring Spotlight","volume":"178","author":"Tapete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2013.10.032","article-title":"Investigating archaeological looting using satellite images and GEORADAR: The experience in Lambayeque in North Peru","volume":"42","author":"Lasaponara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2016.04.014","article-title":"Geoarchaeological remote sensing survey for cultural heritage management. Case study from Byblos (Jbail, Lebanon)","volume":"23","author":"Deroin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"438","article-title":"Earth observation for the world cultural and natural heritage","volume":"6","author":"Negula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agapiou, A., Lysandrou, V., and Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2017). Optical Remote Sensing Potentials for Looting Detection. Geosciences, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7040098"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). UNESCO Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online: https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/disaster-risk-reduction\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). ESA Thematic Exploitation Platforms (TEPs). Available online: https:\/\/eo4society.esa.int\/search\/thematic+exploitation+platform."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, March 06). The Art Loss Register. Available online: https:\/\/www.artloss.com\/register\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"FBI (2023, March 06). National Stolen Art File, Available online: https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/investigate\/violent-crime\/art-theft\/national-stolen-art-file."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3009905","article-title":"From reassembly to object completion: A complete systems pipeline","volume":"10","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12010","article-title":"Symmetry in 3D Geometry: Extraction and Applications","volume":"32","author":"Mitra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Song, S., Khosla, A., Yu, F., Zhang, L., Tang, X., and Xiao, J. (2015, January 7\u201312). 3D shapenets: A deep representation for volumetric shapes. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, A., Ruizhongtai Qi, C., and Nie\u00dfner, M. (2016). Shape Completion using 3D-Encoder-Predictor CNNs and Shape Synthesis. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.693"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ghahramani, Z., Welling, M., Cortes, C., Lawrence, N., and Weinberger, K.Q. (2014). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27, Curran Associates, Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2014\/file\/5ca3e9b122f61f8f06494c97b1afccf3-Paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lee, D.D., von Luxburg, U., Garnett, R., Sugiyama, M., and Guyon, I. (2016). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29, Curran As., Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2016\/file\/44f683a84163b3523afe57c2e008bc8c-Paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermoza, R., and Sipiran, I. (2018, January 11\u201314). 3D Reconstruction of Incomplete Archaeological Objects Using a Generative Adversarial Network. Proceedings of the CGI 2018: Computer Graphics International, Bintan Island, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3208159.3208173"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2954885","article-title":"Image-Based 3D Object Reconstruction: State-of-the-Art and Trends in the Deep Learning Era","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4310\/CIS.2020.v20.n4.a1","article-title":"3D reconstruction using deep learning: A survey","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liritzis, I., Volonakis, P., and Vosinakis, S. (2021). 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage sites as an educational approach. The Sanctuary of Delphi. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083635"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choy, C.B., Xu, D., Gwak, J., Chen, K., and Savarese, S. (2016, January 11\u201314). 3D-R2N2: A unified approach for single and multi-view 3D object reconstruction. Proceedings of the Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46484-8_38"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:35:16Z","timestamp":1760124916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15102579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15102579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]}}}