{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:34:47Z","timestamp":1771266887008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the key science and technology special program of Yunnan province","award":["202002AF080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AF080003"]}]},{"name":"the key science and technology special program of Yunnan province","award":["42172304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172304"]}]},{"name":"the key science and technology special program of Yunnan province","award":["2019QZKK0904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0904"]}]},{"name":"the China Natural Science Foundation","award":["202002AF080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AF080003"]}]},{"name":"the China Natural Science Foundation","award":["42172304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172304"]}]},{"name":"the China Natural Science Foundation","award":["2019QZKK0904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0904"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["202002AF080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202002AF080003"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["42172304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172304"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current limited approaches to calculating hillslope erosion rate hamper the study of the relationships among the rates of hillslope erosion, river incision, and tectonic uplift and hence the discussion of steady-state landscape evolution. In this paper, we use remote sensing and geochronological methods to calculate the upper and lower bounding hillslope erosion rates in the Qilian Shan range, Tibet. Our analysis focuses on five convex landslide sediment units derived from the weathered hillslopes at Qingyang Mountain on the tectonically active northeastern Tibetan Plateau. These sediment units range in thickness from 5.5 to 12.8 m and in volume from 119 \u00d7 103 to 260 \u00d7 103 m3. Based on field observations, measurements extracted from high-resolution DEMs, and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages on fluvial terraces, we obtain lower and upper bounding rates of 0.13 \u00b1 0.03 and 0.21 \u00b1 0.04 mm\/yr, respectively. Finally, we calculate incision rates, ranging from 0.21 \u00b1 0.02 to 0.39 \u00b1 0.01 mm\/yr, from heights of a dated fluvial terrace above the present river and the time of abandonment of the associated bedrock strath estimated from OSL ages. The rates of hillslope erosion and river incision at Qingyang Mountain and the tectonic uplift of the Qilian Mountains are estimated to be within a factor of two over the past 117 ka, suggesting that a state of dynamic equilibrium has likely existed on this timescale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1684204024000},"page":"2583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of a Steady-State Landscape Using Remote Sensing and Topographic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Dianzhong Water Diversion Engineering Co., Ltd., Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2697-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Clague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songfeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qisong","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, MEMC, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0967-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengwen","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12877","article-title":"Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling climate","volume":"504","author":"Herman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.11.004","article-title":"Tectonic control of erosion in the southern Central Andes","volume":"482","author":"Val","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet. 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