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They are also sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances and are globally threatened. Understanding how flow regime drives the spatiotemporal dynamics of wetland habitats is fundamental to effective conservation practices. In this study, using Landsat imagery and the random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm, we mapped the winter distribution of four wetland habitats (i.e., Carex meadow, reedbed, mudflat, and shallow water) in East Dongting Lake, a Ramsar wetland in the middle to lower Yangtze Basin of China, for 34 years (1988\u20132021). The dynamics of wetland habitats were explored through pixel-by-pixel comparisons. Further, the response of wetland habitats to flow regime variations was investigated using generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). Our results demonstrated the constant expansion of reedbeds and shrinkage of mudflats, and that there were three processes contributing to the reduction in mudflat: (1) permanent replacement by reedbed; (2) irreversible loss to water; and (3) transitional swapping with Carex meadow. These changes in the relative extent of wetland habitats may degrade the conservation function of the Ramsar wetland. Moreover, the duration of the dry season and the date of water level withdrawal were identified as the key flow regime parameters shaping the size of wetland habitats. However, different wetland vegetation showed distinct responses to variations in flow regime: while Carex meadow increased with earlier water withdrawal and a longer dry season, reedbed continuously expanded independent of the flow regime corresponding to the increase in winter rainfall. Our findings suggested that flow regime acts in concert with other factors, such as climate change and sand mining in river channels, driving wetland habitat transition in a floodplain landscape. Therefore, effective conservation can only be achieved through diverse restoration strategies addressing all drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1684391578000},"page":"2614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vegetation Dynamic in a Large Floodplain Wetland: The Effects of Hydroclimatic Regime"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peizhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9497-8274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangchun","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3783-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science, Economics, and Insights Division, Department of Planning and Environment, Lidcombe, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2009.59.1.8","article-title":"Wet and wonderful: The world\u2019s largest wetlands are conservation priorities","volume":"59","author":"Keddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0681:EDOTOF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ecological Determinism on the Orinoco Floodplain: A 15-year study of the Orinoco floodplain shows that this productive and biotically diverse ecosystem is functionally less complex than it appears. 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