{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:28:35Z","timestamp":1783434515336,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protecting and enhancing forest carbon sinks is considered a natural solution for mitigating climate change. However, the increasing frequency, intensity, and duration of droughts due to climate change can threaten the stability and growth of existing forest carbon sinks. Extreme droughts weaken plant hydraulic systems, can lead to tree mortality events, and may reduce forest diversity, making forests more vulnerable to subsequent forest disturbances, such as forest fires or pest infestations. Although early warning metrics (EWMs) derived using satellite remote sensing data are now being tested for predicting post-drought plant physiological stress and mortality, applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are yet to be explored extensively. Herein, we provide twenty-four prospective approaches classified into five categories: (i) physiological complexities, (ii) site-specific and confounding (abiotic) factors, (iii) interactions with biotic agents, (iv) forest carbon monitoring and optimization, and (v) technological and infrastructural developments, for adoption, future operationalization, and upscaling of UAV-based frameworks for EWM applications. These UAV considerations are paramount as they hold the potential to bridge the gap between field inventory and satellite remote sensing for assessing forest characteristics and their responses to drought conditions, identifying and prioritizing conservation needs of vulnerable and\/or high-carbon-efficient tree species for efficient allocation of resources, and optimizing forest carbon management with climate change adaptation and mitigation practices in a timely and cost-effective manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1684391578000},"page":"2627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Climate-Change-Driven Droughts and Tree Mortality: Assessing the Potential of UAV-Derived Early Warning Metrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewane Basil","family":"Ewane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoresolve Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"},{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1824-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Midhun","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoresolve Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"},{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California\u2014Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaurya","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoresolve Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"},{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. A. Pabodha","family":"Galgamuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"The Nature Conservancy, Maryland\/DC Chapter, Cumberland, MD 21502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6752-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scion, 10 Kyle St, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavithra Pitumpe","family":"Arachchige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoresolve Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"},{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7480-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Hudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1221 South Main St, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivedhitha","family":"Ajithkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80100 Joensuu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruthi","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Analytics, Texas A&M Forest Service, Dallas, TX 75252, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula Dalla","family":"Corte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOFIX Research Center, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8585-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eben North","family":"Broadbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9738-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"de-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Joint Research Unit CTFC\u2013AGROTECNIO\u2013CERCA, Ctra. Sant Lloren\u00e7 de Morunys km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Bruscolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecoresolve Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"},{"name":"United Nations Volunteering Program, via Morobe Development Foundation, Lae 00411, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"GLOBHE, Askrikegatan 11, 115 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J. 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