{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:34:56Z","timestamp":1776278096766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Cienciae Investigaci\u00f3n (MCIN)\/ Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (AEI)\/ 10.13039\/501100011033 y FEDER \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d","award":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Cienciae Investigaci\u00f3n (MCIN)\/ Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (AEI)\/ 10.13039\/501100011033 y FEDER \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d","award":["PRE2018-086054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2018-086054"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Cienciae Investigaci\u00f3n (MCIN)\/ Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (AEI)\/ 10.13039\/501100011033 y FEDER \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d","award":["2020 FISDU 00455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 FISDU 00455"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Cienciae Investigaci\u00f3n (MCIN)\/ Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (AEI)\/ 10.13039\/501100011033 y FEDER \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d","award":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Cienciae Investigaci\u00f3n (MCIN)\/ Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (AEI)\/ 10.13039\/501100011033 y FEDER \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d","award":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033 and FSE \u201cEl FSE invierte en tu futuro\u201d","award":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033 and FSE \u201cEl FSE invierte en tu futuro\u201d","award":["PRE2018-086054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2018-086054"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033 and FSE \u201cEl FSE invierte en tu futuro\u201d","award":["2020 FISDU 00455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 FISDU 00455"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033 and FSE \u201cEl FSE invierte en tu futuro\u201d","award":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033 and FSE \u201cEl FSE invierte en tu futuro\u201d","award":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya\u2014AGAUR","award":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya\u2014AGAUR","award":["PRE2018-086054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2018-086054"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya\u2014AGAUR","award":["2020 FISDU 00455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 FISDU 00455"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya\u2014AGAUR","award":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya\u2014AGAUR","award":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission collaborated","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126436OB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission collaborated","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2018-086054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2018-086054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission collaborated","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 FISDU 00455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 FISDU 00455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission collaborated","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ATMO-ACCESS (GA-101008004)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission collaborated","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ACTRIS-IMP (GA-871115)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We revisit two recent methodologies based on Monin\u2013Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST), the 2D method and Hybrid-Wind (HW), which are aimed at estimation of the Obukhov length, friction velocity and kinematic heat flux within the surface layer. Both methods use wind-speed profile measurements only and their comparative performance requires assessment. Synthetic and observational data are used for their quantitative assessment. We also present a procedure to generate synthetic noise-corrupted wind profiles based on estimation of the probability density functions for MOST-related variables (e.g., friction velocity) and the statistics of the noise-corrupting perturbational amplitude found during an 82-day IJmuiden observational campaign. In the observational part of the study, 2D and HW parameter retrievals from floating Doppler wind lidar measurements are compared against those from a reference mast. Overall, the 2D algorithm outperformed the HW in the estimation of all the three parameters above. For instance, when assessing the friction-velocity retrieval performance with reference to sonic anemometers, determination coefficients of \u03c12D2=0.77 and \u03c1HW2=0.33 were found under unstable atmospheric stability conditions, and \u03c12D2=0.81 and \u03c1HW2=0.07 under stable conditions, which suggests the 2D algorithm as a prominent method for estimating the above-mentioned surface-layer parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T09:23:10Z","timestamp":1684488190000},"page":"2660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["On the Retrieval of Surface-Layer Parameters from Lidar Wind-Profile Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5260-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Paulo","family":"Ara\u00fajo da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab-UPC, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), C\/ Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Salcedo-Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab-UPC, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), C\/ Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Rocadenbosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab-UPC, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), C\/ Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia, IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7900-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GWEC (2022). Global Wind Report 2022, Global Wind Energy Council. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.10.019","article-title":"Comparing offshore and onshore wind development considering acceptance costs","volume":"125","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WindEurope (2020). Offshore Wind in Europe Key Trends and Statistics 2019, WindEurope. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, A., Mann, J., Angelou, N., and Jacobsen, A. (2022). A Motion-Correction Method for Turbulence Estimates from Floating Lidars. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236065"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo da Silva, M.P., Rocadenbosch, F., Farr\u00e9-Guarn\u00e9, J., Salcedo-Bosch, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Marco, D., and Pe\u00f1a, A. (2022). Assessing Obukhov Length and Friction Velocity from Floating lidar Observations: A Data Screening and Sensitivity Computation Approach. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061394"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2118","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a floating lidar buoy in nearshore conditions","volume":"20","author":"Rocadenbosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Stull, R.B. (2015). Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-Based Survey of Atmospheric Science, University of British Columbia."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2014.10.013","article-title":"Validation of surface layer similarity theory to describe far offshore marine conditions in the Dutch North Sea in scope of wind energy research","volume":"136","author":"Holtslag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2010.02.005","article-title":"The dependence of offshore turbulence intensity on wind speed","volume":"98","author":"Emeis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.01.113","article-title":"Wind turbine wake models developed at the technical university of Denmark: A review","volume":"60","author":"Diaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.06.046","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of the wind speed profile on wind power production","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"101421","article-title":"Spectral partition characteristics of wind turbine load response under different atmospheric stability","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stull, R.B. (1988). An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1997)036<0406:DOTMOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dependence of the Monin\u2013Obukhov stability parameter on the bulk Richardson number over the ocean","volume":"36","author":"Grachev","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-018-0391-1","article-title":"Hybrid profile\u2013gradient approaches for the estimation of surface fluxes","volume":"170","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(82)90032-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the profile method for estimation of surface fluxes of momentum and heat","volume":"16","author":"Berkowicz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709339509","article-title":"Determination of turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum from the wind profile","volume":"93","author":"Klug","year":"1967","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709038402","article-title":"The exponential wind profile","volume":"90","author":"Swinbank","year":"1964","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00118611","article-title":"On the determination of boundary-layer parameters using velocity profile as the sole information","volume":"17","author":"Lo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Beljaars, A.C.M., Holtslag, A., and Van Westrhenen, R. (1989). Description of a Software Library for the Calculation of Surface Fluxes, KNMI De Bilt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-007-9166-9","article-title":"On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface boundary layer","volume":"124","author":"Gryning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-15-0200.1","article-title":"Impact of swell on air\u2013sea momentum flux and marine boundary layer under low-wind conditions","volume":"73","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-18-0266.1","article-title":"Impact of surface waves on wind stress under low to moderate wind conditions","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-19-0098.1","article-title":"Influence of swell on marine surface-layer structure","volume":"77","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119373","article-title":"Comments on \u2018on the determination of boundary-layer parameters using velocity profile as the sole information\u2019 by LO (1979)","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer","volume":"28","author":"Businger","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240838","article-title":"A review of flux-profile relationships","volume":"7","author":"Dyer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/we.283","article-title":"Offshore Wind Profiling Using Light Detection and Ranging Measurements","volume":"12","author":"Hasager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"39","article-title":"The effects of atmospheric stability on coastal wind climates","volume":"6","author":"Barthelmie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl. A J. Forecast. Pract. Appl. Train. Tech. Model."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"H\u00f6gstr\u00f6m, U. (1988). Topics in Micrometeorology. A Festschrift for Arch Dyer, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708135027","article-title":"Wind stress on a water surface","volume":"81","author":"Charnock","year":"1955","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-008-9285-y","article-title":"Charnock\u2019s roughness length model and non-dimensional wind profiles over the sea","volume":"128","author":"Gryning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2203","article-title":"A simple recipe for estimating atmospheric stability solely based on surface-layer wind speed profile","volume":"21","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Devroye, L. (2013). Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"052009","article-title":"Influence of atmospheric stability on the load spectra of wind turbines at alpha ventus","volume":"1037","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo da Silva, M.P., Rocadenbosch, F., Farr\u00e9-Guarn\u00e9, J., Salcedo-Bosch, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Marco, D., and Pe\u00f1a, A. (2022, January 17\u201322). Floating Lidar Assessment of Atmospheric Stability in the North Sea. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2022\u20142022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS46834.2022.9883680"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:38:40Z","timestamp":1760125120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/10\/2660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15102660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15102660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}}}