{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:15:37Z","timestamp":1762640137351,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171402","41930102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171402","41930102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["42171402","41930102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171402","41930102"]}]},{"name":"Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) Big Science Program","award":["42171402","41930102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171402","41930102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terrain significantly influences the physical processes and human activities occurring on the Earth\u2019s surface, especially in mountainous areas. The classification and clarification of topographic structures are essential for the quantitative analysis of surface patterns. In this paper, we propose a new method based on the digital elevation model to classify the binary terrain structure. The slope accumulation is constructed to emphasize the accumulated topographic characteristics and is applied to support the segmenting process. The results show that this new method is efficient in increasing the completeness of the segmented results and reducing the classification uncertainty. We verify this method in three areas in South America, North America and Asia to evaluate the method\u2019s robustness. Comparison experiments suggest that this new method outperforms the traditional method in areas with different landforms. In addition, quantitative indices are calculated based on the segmented results. The results indicate that the binary terrain structure benefits the understanding of surface patterns from the perspectives of topographic characteristics, category composition, object morphology and landform spatial distribution. We also assess the transferability of the proposed method, and the results suggest that this method is transferable to different digital elevation models. The proposed method can support the quantitative analysis of land resources, especially in mountainous areas and benefit land management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T09:23:10Z","timestamp":1684488190000},"page":"2664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantification of Surface Pattern Based on the Binary Terrain Structure in Mountainous Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sijin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Guoan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.09.029","article-title":"Geomorphometry and landform mapping: What is a landform?","volume":"137","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2022.104191","article-title":"Geomorphometry and terrain analysis: Data, methods, platforms and applications","volume":"233","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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