{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T21:40:46Z","timestamp":1781041246886,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, remote sensing techniques such as satellite and drone-based imaging have been used to monitor Pine Wilt Disease (PWD), a widespread forest disease that causes the death of pine species. Researchers have explored the use of remote sensing imagery and deep learning algorithms to improve the accuracy of PWD detection at the single-tree level. This study introduces a novel framework for PWD detection that combines high-resolution RGB drone imagery with free-access Sentinel-2 satellite multi-spectral imagery. The proposed approach includes an PWD-infected tree detection model named YOLOv5-PWD and an effective data augmentation method. To evaluate the proposed framework, we collected data and created a dataset in Xianning City, China, consisting of object detection samples of infected trees at middle and late stages of PWD. Experimental results indicate that the YOLOv5-PWD detection model achieved 1.2% higher mAP compared to the original YOLOv5 model and a further improvement of 1.9% mAP was observed after applying our dataset augmentation method, which demonstrates the effectiveness and potential of the proposed framework for PWD detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:00:27Z","timestamp":1684720827000},"page":"2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Detecting Individual Plants Infected with Pine Wilt Disease Using Drones and Satellite Imagery: A Case Study in Xianning, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peihua","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0733-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haobo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puyun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanfu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Hubei Institute of Land Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan 430034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Research on pine wood nematode surveillance technology based on unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing image","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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