{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:36:13Z","timestamp":1768275373961,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Space Optoelectronic Measurement and Perception Laboratory of BICE","award":["LabSOMP-2021-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LabSOMP-2021-06"]}]},{"name":"Space Optoelectronic Measurement and Perception Laboratory of BICE","award":["BK20220888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220888"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["LabSOMP-2021-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LabSOMP-2021-06"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20220888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding atmospheric motions and projecting climate changes depends significantly on cloud types, i.e., different cloud types correspond to different atmospheric conditions, and accurate cloud classification can help forecasts and meteorology-related studies to be more effectively directed. However, accurate classification of clouds is challenging and often requires certain manual involvement due to the complex cloud forms and dispersion. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an improved cloud classification method based on a densely connected hybrid convolutional network. A dense connection mechanism is applied to hybrid three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) and two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) architectures to use the feature information of the spatial and spectral channels of the FY-4A satellite fully. By using the proposed network, cloud categorization solutions with a high temporal resolution, extensive coverage, and high accuracy can be obtained without the need for any human intervention. The proposed network is verified using tests, and the results show that it can perform real-time classification tasks for seven different types of clouds and clear skies in the Chinese region. For the CloudSat 2B-CLDCLASS product as a test target, the proposed network can achieve an overall accuracy of 95.2% and a recall of more of than 82.9% for all types of samples, outperforming the other deep-learning-based techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:00:27Z","timestamp":1684720827000},"page":"2673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Efficient Cloud Classification Method Based on a Densely Connected Hybrid Convolutional Network for FY-4A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghong","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optoelectronic Measurement & Perception Laboratory of BICE, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v34i1.10784","article-title":"On the sensitivity of a general circulation model climatology to changes in cloud structure and radiative properties","volume":"34","author":"Hunt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tellus A Dyn. 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