{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:15:54Z","timestamp":1780355754934,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF0503900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JC202105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC202105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Teaching Reform and Innovation Projects of Changzhi University","award":["2022YFF0503900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503900"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Reform and Innovation Projects of Changzhi University","award":["JC202105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC202105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simulated raw data have become an essential tool for testing and assessing system parameters and imaging performance due to the high cost and limited availability of real raw data from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). However, with increasing resolution and higher orbit altitudes, existing simulation methods fail to generate SAR simulated raw data that closely resemble real raw data. This is due to approximations such as curved orbits, \u201cstop-and-go\u201d assumption, and Earth\u2019s rotation, among other factors. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents an accurate range model with a \u201cnonstop-and-go\u201d configuration for raw data simulation based on existing time-domain simulation methods. We model the SAR echo signal and establish a precise space geometry for spaceborne SAR. Additionally, we precisely identify the target illumination area based on elliptical beams through space coordinate transformation. Finally, the SAR raw data were accurately simulated using high-precision time-domain simulation methods. The accuracy of the proposed model was validated by comparing it with the traditional hyperbolic model and the curved orbit model with \u201cstop-and-go\u201d assumption through image processing of the generated raw data. Through the analysis of point target quality parameters, the errors of various parameters in our distance model compared with the other two models are within 1%. Furthermore, this simulation method can be adapted to simulate raw data of other modes and satellite orbits by adjusting beam control and satellite orbit parameters, respectively. The proposed simulation method demonstrated high accuracy and versatility, thereby providing a valuable contribution to the development of remote sensing technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T07:00:02Z","timestamp":1684825202000},"page":"2705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Raw Data Simulation of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar with Accurate Range Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2146-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haisheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junshe","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiyan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Curlander, J.C., and Mcdonough, R.N. 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