{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:18:54Z","timestamp":1773811134558,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JQ-227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JQ-227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M710482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","award":["2022JQ-227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JQ-227"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","award":["2022M710482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710482"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","award":["2023016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023016"]}]},{"name":"Department of Transportation Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022JQ-227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JQ-227"]}]},{"name":"Department of Transportation Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022M710482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M710482"]}]},{"name":"Department of Transportation Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2023016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geological models are essential components in various applications. To generate reliable realizations, the geostatistical method focuses on reproducing spatial structures from training images (TIs). Moreover, uncertainty plays an important role in Earth systems. It is beneficial for creating an ensemble of stochastic realizations with high diversity. In this work, we applied a pattern classification distribution (PCD) method to quantitatively evaluate geostatistical modeling. First, we proposed a correlation-driven template method to capture geological patterns. According to the spatial dependency of the TI, region growing and elbow-point detection were launched to create an adaptive template. Second, a combination of clustering and classification was suggested to characterize geological realizations. Aiming at simplifying parameter specification, the program employed hierarchical clustering and decision tree to categorize geological structures. Third, we designed a stacking framework to develop the multi-grid analysis. The contribution of each grid was calculated based on the morphological characteristics of TI. Our program was extensively examined by a channel model, a 2D nonstationary flume system, 2D subglacial bed topographic models in Antarctica, and 3D sandstone models. We activated various geostatistical programs to produce realizations. The experimental results indicated that PCD is capable of addressing multiple geological categories, continuous variables, and high-dimensional structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1684829668000},"page":"2708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Pattern Classification Distribution Method for Geostatistical Modeling Evaluation and Uncertainty Quantification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0115-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Big Data Management and Applications, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Big Data Management and Applications, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3718-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Big Data Management and Applications, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7606-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Digital Construction and Management for Transportation Infrastructure, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF003922","article-title":"Quantifying natural delta variability using a multiple-point geostatistics prior uncertainty model","volume":"121","author":"Scheidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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