{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T23:20:24Z","timestamp":1774394424370,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad del Azuay","award":["2020-0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0129"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Azuay","award":["**BE 1780\/60-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["**BE 1780\/60-1"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Germany (DFG)","award":["2020-0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0129"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Germany (DFG)","award":["**BE 1780\/60-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["**BE 1780\/60-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential climate variables (ECVs) have been recognized as crucial information for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There is an agreement on 54 ECVs to understand climate evolution, and multiple rely on satellite Earth observation (abbreviated as s-ECVs). Despite the efforts to encourage s-ECV use for SDGs, there is still a need to further integrate them into the indicator calculations. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify s-ECVs used in SDG monitoring. Results showed the use of 14 s-ECVs, the most frequent being land cover, ozone, precursors for aerosols and ozone, precipitation, land surface temperature, soil moisture, soil carbon, lakes, and leaf area index. They were related to 16 SDGs (mainly SDGs 3, 6, 11, 14, and 15), 33 targets, and 23 indicators. However, only 10 indicators (belonging to SDGs 6, 11, and 15) were calculated using s-ECVs. This review raises research opportunities by identifying s-ECVs yet to be used in the indicator calculations. Therefore, indicators supporting SDGs must be updated to use this valuable source of information which, in turn, allows a worldwide indicator comparison. Additionally, this review is relevant for scientists and policymakers for future actions and policies to better integrate s-ECVs into the Agenda 2030.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T01:29:26Z","timestamp":1684891766000},"page":"2716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Satellite Earth Observation for Essential Climate Variables Supporting Sustainable Development Goals: A Review on Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ballari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de R\u00e9gimen Seccional del Ecuador (IERSE), Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5799-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Vilches-Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontology Engineering Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Lorena","family":"Orellana-Samaniego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de R\u00e9gimen Seccional del Ecuador (IERSE), Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7380-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Salgado-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de R\u00e9gimen Seccional del Ecuador (IERSE), Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Ana Elizabeth","family":"Ochoa-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Research Center for Coupled Socio-Ecological Systems (TRACES), Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5145-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Graw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Research Group, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870 Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nazli","family":"Turini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Department of Geography, University of Marburg, Deutschhaustr. 10, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Bendix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Department of Geography, University of Marburg, Deutschhaustr. 10, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly (2023, January 24). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-pdf\/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Paganini, M., Petiteville, I., Ward, S., Dyke, G., Steventon, M., Harry, J., and Kerblat, F. (2023, January 24). Satellite Earth Observations in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals, 2018. Available online: http:\/\/eohandbook.com\/sdg\/files\/CEOS_EOHB_2018_SDG.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2017.1333230","article-title":"Earth observation in service of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geo. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Metternicht, G., Mueller, N., and Lucas, R. (2020). Manual of Digital Earth, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.05.003","article-title":"Essential Variables help to focus Sustainable Development Goals monitoring","volume":"26\u201327","author":"Reyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ESA (2023, January 24). Compendium of EO Contributions to the SDG Targets and Indicators, 2020. Available online: https:\/\/eo4society.esa.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/EO_Compendium-for-SDGs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani, G., Egger, E., Italiano, J., Poussin, C., Richard, J.-P., and Chatenoux, B. (2020). Essential Variables for Environmental Monitoring: What Are the Possible Contributions of Earth Observation Data Cubes?. Data, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/data5040100"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2018.1561761","article-title":"A goal-based approach to the identification of essential transformation variables in support of the implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development","volume":"13","author":"Plag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1585977","article-title":"GEOEssential\u2014mainstreaming workflows from data sources to environment policy indicators with essential variables","volume":"13","author":"Lehmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2021.1948677","article-title":"Digital Earth: A platform for the SDGs and green transformation at the global and local level, employing essential SDGs variables","volume":"5","author":"Fukui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2021.12.024","article-title":"Essential earth observation variables for high-level multi-scale indicators and policies","volume":"131","author":"Lehmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bombelli, A., Serral, I., Blonda, P., Mas\u00f3, J., Plag, H.-P., Jules-Plag, S., and McCallum, I. (2023, January 24). D2.EVs Current Status in Different Communities and Way to Move Forward. Available online: https:\/\/ddd.uab.cat\/record\/146882."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1636490","article-title":"Towards integrated essential variables for sustainability","volume":"13","author":"Lehmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00047.1","article-title":"The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate research, applications, and policy","volume":"95","author":"Bojinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1576787","article-title":"Earth observations for sustainable development goals monitoring based on essential variables and driver-pressure-state-impact-response indicators","volume":"13","author":"Serral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estoque, R. (2020). A Review of the Sustainability Concept and the State of SDG Monitoring Using Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111770"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1610807","article-title":"A workflow for Sustainable Development Goals indicators assessment based on high-resolution satellite data","volume":"13","author":"Kussul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andries, A., Morse, S., Murphy, R.J., Lynch, J., and Woolliams, E.R. (2022). Using Data from Earth Observation to Support Sustainable Development Indicators: An Analysis of the Literature and Challenges for the Future. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031191"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.1908","article-title":"Translation of Earth observation data into sustainable development indicators: An analytical framework","volume":"27","author":"Andries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111930","article-title":"Towards delivering on the sustainable development goals using earth observations","volume":"247","author":"Kavvada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1620882","article-title":"Reviewing the discoverability and accessibility to data and information products linked to Essential Climate Variables","volume":"13","author":"Espinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2019.101346","article-title":"Coordinated Capacity Development to Maximize the Contributions of Space Science, Technology, and its Applications in Support of Implementing Global Sustainable Development Agendas\u2014A Conceptual Framework","volume":"51","author":"Camacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9724","DOI":"10.1029\/2017WR022437","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing for Water Resources Management: Potential for Supporting Sustainable Development in Data-Poor Regions","volume":"54","author":"Sheffield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_24.1","unstructured":"Group on Earth Observations (2023, January 24). EO4SDG: Earth Observations in Service of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Strategic Implementation Plan 2020-2024"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_24.2","unstructured":"Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. Available online: https:\/\/eo4sdg.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/EO4SDG-Strategic-Impl.-Plan-2020-2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00016","article-title":"Data assimilation: Making sense of Earth Observation","volume":"2","author":"Lahoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, January 24). CEOS Database Climate Chapter. Available online: http:\/\/database.eohandbook.com\/climate\/gcos.aspx."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"CEE Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (2023, January 24). Guidelines and Standards for Evidence Synthesis in Environmental Management. Version 5.0, 2018. Available online: www.environmentalevidence.org\/information-for-authors."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/met.288","article-title":"Satellite based remote sensing of weather and climate: Recent achievements and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Thies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., El-Askary, H., Lakshmi, V., Piechota, T., and Struppa, D. (2020). Earth Observation and Cloud Computing in Support of Two Sustainable Development Goals for the River Nile Watershed Countries. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091391"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sang, S., Wu, T., Wang, S., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, M., and Zhao, Y. (2021). Ecological Safety Assessment and Analysis of Regional Spatiotemporal Differences Based on Earth Observation Satellite Data in Support of SDGs: The Case of the Huaihe River Basin. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193942"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, S.J., Yu, H., Lim, C.-H., Park, E., Kim, J., and Lee, W.-K. (2020). Developing an Adaptive Pathway to Mitigate Air Pollution Risk for Vulnerable Groups in South Korea. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051790"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"102130","article-title":"Trend analysis and first time observations of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in South Africa using TROPOMI\/Sentinel-5 P data","volume":"91","author":"Shikwambana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00792-z","article-title":"Informing action for United Nations SDG target 8.7 and interdependent SDGs: Examining modern slavery from space","volume":"8","author":"Boyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111496","article-title":"Above-ground biomass mapping in West African dryland forest using Sentinel-1 and 2 datasets\u2014A case study","volume":"236","author":"Forkuor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravanelli, R., Nascetti, A., Cirigliano, R.V., Di Rico, C., Leuzzi, G., Monti, P., and Crespi, M. (2018). Monitoring the Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Urban Heat Island through Google Earth Engine: Proposal of a Global Methodology, First Applications and Problems. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091488"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polpanich, O., Bhatpuria, D., Santos Santos, T.F., and Krittasudthacheewa, C. (2022). Leveraging Multi-Source Data and Digital Technology to Support the Monitoring of Localized Water Changes in the Mekong Region. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031739"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2021.2018789","article-title":"A new global land productivity dynamic product based on the consistency of various vegetation biophysical indicators","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111793","article-title":"An integrated methodology using open soil spectral libraries and Earth Observation data for soil organic carbon estimations in support of soil-related SDGs","volume":"244","author":"Tziolas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2021.1974681","article-title":"Drying conditions in Switzerland-indication from a 35-year Landsat time-series analysis of vegetation water content estimates to support SDGs","volume":"5","author":"Poussin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EF001960","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001960","article-title":"Monitoring Landsat based burned area as an indicator of Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111892","article-title":"Wetland extent tools for SDG 6.6.1 reporting from the Satellite-based Wetland Observation Service (SWOS)","volume":"247","author":"Weise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.011","article-title":"Global high-resolution mountain green cover index mapping based on Landsat images and Google Earth Engine","volume":"162","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakimdavar, R., Hubbard, A., Policelli, F., Pickens, A., Hansen, M., Fatoyinbo, T., Lagomasino, D., Pahlevan, N., Unninayar, S., and Kavvada, A. (2020). Monitoring Water-Related Ecosystems with Earth Observation Data in Support of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 Reporting. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101634"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"440","article-title":"El \u00cdndice de calor: Un factor de alerta temprana en salud p\u00fablica y ciudades sostenibles","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Uninorte"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111670","article-title":"Wetland changes in the Amur River Basin: Differing trends and proximate causes on the Chinese and Russian sides","volume":"280","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-020-00045-0","article-title":"Quantification of the Land Potential for Scaling Agroforestry in South Asia","volume":"70","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"KN J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagabhatla, N., and Brahmbhatt, R. (2020). Geospatial Assessment of Water-Migration Scenarios in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 11, and 16. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091376"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"457","article-title":"Quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns of forest degradation in a fragmented, rapidly urbanizing landscape: A case study of Gazipur, Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmer, E.H., Ruzycki, T.S., Wilson, B.T., Sherrill, K.R., Lefsky, M.A., Marcano-Vega, H., Brandeis, T.J., Erickson, H.E., and Ruefenacht, B. (2018). Tropical Deforestation and Recolonization by Exotic and Native Trees: Spatial Patterns of Tropical Forest Biomass, Functional Groups, and Species Counts and Links to Stand Age, Geoclimate, and Sustainability Goals. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111724"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1947","article-title":"Sustainable development goals for reducing the impact of sea level rise on mangrove forests","volume":"4","author":"Fakhruddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"NISCAIR Online Period. Repos."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7739-y","article-title":"Assessing land degradation and identifying potential sustainable land management practices at the subnational level in Lebanon","volume":"191","author":"Mitri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111592","article-title":"A reporting framework for Sustainable Development Goal 15: Multi-scale monitoring of forest degradation using MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel data","volume":"237","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-021-01086-8","article-title":"The effect of financial crises on deforestation: A global and regional panel data analysis","volume":"17","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111671","article-title":"Mapping nature\u2019s contribution to SDG 6 and implications for other SDGs at policy relevant scales","volume":"239","author":"Mulligan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2019.1637075","article-title":"Suitability mapping for rice cultivation in Benue State, Nigeria using satellite data","volume":"22","author":"Ujoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geo-spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7620-z","article-title":"Drought hazard in Kazakhstan in 2000\u20132016: A remote sensing perspective","volume":"191","author":"Dubovyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashaba-Munghemezulu, Z., Chirima, G.J., and Munghemezulu, C. (2021). Mapping smallholder maize farms using multi-temporal sentinel-1 data in support of the sustainable development goals. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13091666"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquilino, M., Tarantino, C., Adamo, M., Barbanente, A., and Blonda, P. (2020). Earth Observation for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 11 Indicators at Local Scale: Monitoring of the Migrant Population Distribution. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060950"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquilino, M., Adamo, M., Blonda, P., Barbanente, A., and Tarantino, C. (2021). Improvement of a Dasymetric Method for Implementing Sustainable Development Goal 11 Indicators at an Intra-Urban Scale. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142835"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2020.1711633","article-title":"Monitoring land degradation at national level using satellite Earth Observation time-series data to support SDG15\u2014exploring the potential of data cube","volume":"4","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-021-01026-6","article-title":"Exploring trade-offs between SDGs for Indus River Dolphin conservation and human water security in the regulated Beas River, India","volume":"17","author":"Momblanch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Simone, L., Navarro, D., Gennari, P., Pekkarinen, A., and de Lamo, J. (2021). Using Standardized Time Series Land Cover Maps to Monitor the SDG Indicator \u201cMountain Green Cover Index\u201d and Assess its Sensitivity to Vegetation Dynamics. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10070427"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03957-7","article-title":"A global inventory of photovoltaic solar energy generating units","volume":"598","author":"Kruitwagen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anas, A., Krishna, K., Vijayakumar, S., George, G., Menon, N., Kulk, G., Chekidhenkuzhiyil, J., Ciambelli, A., Kuttiyilmemuriyil Vikraman, H., and Tharakan, B. (2021). Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae in a typical tropical lake and estuarine system: Potential of remote sensing for risk mapping. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13051034"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2020.100346","article-title":"Rising sea level and its implications on coastal tourism development in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"33","author":"Dube","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-020-00571-5","article-title":"Global trends of ocean CO2 sink and ocean acidification: An observation-based reconstruction of surface ocean inorganic carbon variables","volume":"77","author":"Iida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26391-9","article-title":"Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication","volume":"12","author":"Terauchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7996-9","article-title":"Utilizing geospatial information to implement SDGs and monitor their Progress","volume":"192","author":"Avtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"102240","article-title":"Toward operational validation systems for global satellite-based terrestrial essential climate variables","volume":"95","author":"Bayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229931","article-title":"Essential biodiversity variables","volume":"339","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Lawford, R. (2014). The GEOSS Water Strategy: From Observations to Decisions, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Available online: https:\/\/ceos.org\/document_management\/Ad_Hoc_Teams\/WSIST\/WSIST_GEOSS-Water-Strategy-Full-Report_Jan2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111470","article-title":"No pixel left behind: Toward integrating Earth Observations for agriculture into the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals framework","volume":"235","author":"Whitcraft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"S137","article-title":"Challenges for global ocean observation: The need for increased human capacity","volume":"12","author":"Miloslavich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oper. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1679267","article-title":"Which variables are essential for renewable energies?","volume":"13","author":"Ranchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2019.1620881","article-title":"Essential variables for air quality estimation","volume":"13","author":"Shelestov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Practical Reproducibility in Geography and Geosciences","volume":"111","author":"Pebesma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/11\/2716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:40:38Z","timestamp":1760125238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/11\/2716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15112716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15112716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]}}}