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Clarifying long-term continuous changes of inland lake surface area and water storage in the sandy land is thus of great significance to the management of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas. This study estimated changes in the surface area and water storage of small lakes in the sandy land during 1984\u20132021 using a multiple index threshold method and an empirical equation based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM (digital elevation model) data and Landsat 5\/7\/8 images. Hydro-meteorological variables were also incorporated to explore their potential relationship with changes in the lake elements. The lakes in the sandy land resemble stars or dots, with distinct inhomogeneity. Permanent lakes account for the majority of the total lake area, mostly distributed in the center and east of the study area, whereas most seasonal lakes are small water bodies, with surface areas of 0.1\u20130.5 km2 and irregularly distributed. Lake surface area and water storage underwent frequent changes during the 38 years, and could be divided into three characteristic fluctuation phases. From 1984 to 1999, the lake surface area fluctuated greatly, and the water storage increased by approximately 0.3732 Gt, with an average expansion rate of 0.0572 Gt\/y. Specifically, lakes with a surface area &gt;2 km2 primarily accounted for the expansion. From 1999 to 2004, the lake area shrank sharply to the lowest point, and the water storage capacity decreased by approximately 0.4003 Gt. From 2004 to 2021, the lake surface area and water storage tended to be stable. Annual fluctuations of lake surface area and water storage were mostly affected by precipitation and evapotranspiration, followed by vapor pressure deficit, wet day frequency, and temperature, which have significant periodicity and hysteresis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:00:55Z","timestamp":1684980055000},"page":"2719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Inland Lakes and Their Relationship with Hydro-Meteorological Factors in Horqin Sandy Land, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yiran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4205-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limin","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"National Water Center, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060641","article-title":"A global inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"41","author":"Verpoorter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. 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