{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T18:36:29Z","timestamp":1775586989831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sir Henry Dale fellowship","award":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Sir Henry Dale fellowship","award":["BB\/X511110\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X511110\/1"]}]},{"name":"Sir Henry Dale fellowship","award":["A4NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and Royal Society","award":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and Royal Society","award":["BB\/X511110\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X511110\/1"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and Royal Society","award":["A4NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC and EPSRC Impact Accelerator Accounts","award":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC and EPSRC Impact Accelerator Accounts","award":["BB\/X511110\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X511110\/1"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC and EPSRC Impact Accelerator Accounts","award":["A4NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health","award":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health","award":["BB\/X511110\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X511110\/1"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health","award":["A4NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH"]}]},{"name":"UK government (Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office-Funded RAFT [Resilience Against Future Threats] Research Programme Consortium)","award":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221963\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]},{"name":"UK government (Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office-Funded RAFT [Resilience Against Future Threats] Research Programme Consortium)","award":["BB\/X511110\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X511110\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK government (Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office-Funded RAFT [Resilience Against Future Threats] Research Programme Consortium)","award":["A4NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disease control programs are needed to identify the breeding sites of mosquitoes, which transmit malaria and other diseases, in order to target interventions and identify environmental risk factors. The increasing availability of very-high-resolution drone data provides new opportunities to find and characterize these vector breeding sites. Within this study, drone images from two malaria-endemic regions in Burkina Faso and C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire were assembled and labeled using open-source tools. We developed and applied a workflow using region-of-interest-based and deep learning methods to identify land cover types associated with vector breeding sites from very-high-resolution natural color imagery. Analysis methods were assessed using cross-validation and achieved maximum Dice coefficients of 0.68 and 0.75 for vegetated and non-vegetated water bodies, respectively. This classifier consistently identified the presence of other land cover types associated with the breeding sites, obtaining Dice coefficients of 0.88 for tillage and crops, 0.87 for buildings and 0.71 for roads. This study establishes a framework for developing deep learning approaches to identify vector breeding sites and highlights the need to evaluate how results will be used by control programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1685204253000},"page":"2775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mapping Malaria Vector Habitats in West Africa: Drone Imagery and Deep Learning Analysis for Targeted Vector Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0685-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedra","family":"Trujillano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine \u201cAlexander von Humboldt\u201d, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"},{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Jimenez Garay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine \u201cAlexander von Humboldt\u201d, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Alatrista-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Posgrado Newman, Tacna 23001, Peru"},{"name":"Science and Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa (PUCP), Lima 15088, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Nunez-del-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peru Research, Development and Innovation Center (Peru IDI), Lima 15076, Peru"},{"name":"The World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3562-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kallista","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2819-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine \u201cAlexander von Humboldt\u201d, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5460-1715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Nombre","family":"Apollinaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou 01 BP 2208, Burkina Faso"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Kouame Kouakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Pierre Richet, Bouake 01 BP 1500, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}]},{"given":"Welbeck A.","family":"Oumbouke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London L3 5QA, UK"}]},{"given":"Alfred B.","family":"Tiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}]},{"given":"Moussa W.","family":"Guelbeogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-4916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Lines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary 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National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6877","article-title":"Unhealthy landscapes: Policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence","volume":"112","author":"Patz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. 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