{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:52:53Z","timestamp":1780671173700,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China","award":["2022RC1240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC1240"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China","award":["2022JJ30245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30245"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China","award":["20B227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B227"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province, China","award":["S202210534103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202210534103"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["2022RC1240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC1240"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["2022JJ30245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30245"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["20B227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B227"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["S202210534103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202210534103"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Education Department, China","award":["2022RC1240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC1240"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Education Department, China","award":["2022JJ30245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30245"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Education Department, China","award":["20B227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B227"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Education Department, China","award":["S202210534103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202210534103"]}]},{"name":"innovation training program for college students of Hunan University of Science and Technology","award":["2022RC1240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC1240"]}]},{"name":"innovation training program for college students of Hunan University of Science and Technology","award":["2022JJ30245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ30245"]}]},{"name":"innovation training program for college students of Hunan University of Science and Technology","award":["20B227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B227"]}]},{"name":"innovation training program for college students of Hunan University of Science and Technology","award":["S202210534103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202210534103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and timely acquisition of cropping intensity and spatial distribution of paddy rice is not only an important basis for monitoring growth and predicting yields, but also for ensuring food security and optimizing the agricultural production management system of cropland. However, due to the monsoon climate in southern China, it is cloudy and rainy throughout the year, which makes it difficult to obtain accurate information on rice cultivation based on optical time series images. Conventional image synthesis is prone to omission or redundancy of spectral and temporal features that are potentially important for rice-growth identification, making it difficult to determine the optimal features for high-precision mapping of paddy rice. To address these issues, we develop a method to granulate the effective use interval of classification features by extracting phenological signatures of rice to obtain cost-effective and highly accurate mapping results. Two steps are involved in this method: (1) analyzing the information on various features (spectra, polarization, and seasonal regularity) to identify three key phenological periods throughout the lifespan of paddy rice; (2) identifying the features with the highest class separation between paddy rice, non-paddy crops, and wetlands under different phenological stages; and (3) removing redundant features to retain the optimal feature combinations. Subsequently, the obtained feature sets are used as input data for the random forest classifier. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the identified rice results was 95.44% with F1 scores above 93% for both single- and double-cropping rice. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient of our mapped rice area compared with the official statistics of rice area at county and district levels was 0.86. In addition, we found that combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images for rice recognition was better than using Sentinel-1 or Sentinel-2 alone, and the classification accuracy was improved by 5.82% and 2.39%, which confirms that the synergistic Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data can effectively overcome the problem of missing optical images caused by clouds and rain. Our study demonstrates the potential of distinguishing mixed rice-cropping systems in subtropical regions with fragmented rice-field distribution in a cloudy and rainy environment, and also provides a basis for the rational layout of rice production and improvement of cultivation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1685204253000},"page":"2794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mapping Paddy Rice Planting Area in Dongting Lake Area Combining Time Series Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Geo-Spatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Geo-Spatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5498-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meifeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Geo-Spatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-012-0168-1","article-title":"Crops that feed the world 7: Rice","volume":"4","author":"Seck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"102351","article-title":"Examining rice distribution and cropping intensity in a mixed single-and double-cropping region in South China using all available Sentinel 1\/2 images","volume":"101","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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