{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:46:15Z","timestamp":1775612775676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","award":["ESP2017-89344-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESP2017-89344-R"]}]},{"name":"University of Ja\u00e9n (Spain)","award":["POAIUJA-2023\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POAIUJA-2023\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["RNM-282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RNM-282"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Ben\u00ednar Dam, located in Southeastern Spain, is an earth-fill dam that has experienced filtration issues since its construction in 1985. Despite the installation of various monitoring systems, the data collected are sparse and inadequate for the dam\u2019s lifetime. The present research integrates Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) and dam modeling to validate the monitoring of this dam, opening the way to enhanced integrated monitoring systems. MT-InSAR was proved to be a reliable and continuous monitoring system for dam deformation, surpassing previously installed systems in terms of precision. MT-InSAR allowed the almost-continuous monitoring of this dam since 1992, combining ERS, Envisat, and Sentinel-1A\/B data. Line-of-sight (LOS) velocities of settlement in the crest of the dam evolved from maximums of \u22126 mm\/year (1992\u20132000), \u22124 mm\/year (2002\u20132010), and \u22122 mm\/year (2015\u20132021) with median values of \u22122.6 and \u22123.0 mm\/year in the first periods (ERS and Envisat) and \u22121.3 mm\/year in the Sentinel 1-A\/B period. These results are consistent with the maximum admissible modeled deformation from construction, confirming that settlement was more intense in the dam\u2019s early stages and decreased over time. MT-InSAR was also used to integrate the monitoring of the dam basin, including critical slopes, quarries, and infrastructures, such as roads, tracks, and spillways. This study allows us to conclude that MT-InSAR and dam modeling are important elements for the integrated monitoring systems of embankment dams. This conclusion supports the complete integration of MT-InSAR and 3D modeling into the monitoring systems of embankment dams, as they are a key complement to traditional geotechnical monitoring and can overcome the main limitations of topographical monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T15:29:52Z","timestamp":1685287792000},"page":"2802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["MT-InSAR and Dam Modeling for the Comprehensive Monitoring of an Earth-Fill Dam: The Case of the Ben\u00ednar Dam (Almer\u00eda, Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Marchamalo-Sacrist\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Miguel","family":"Ruiz-Armenteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetry Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group RNM-282 Microgeodesia Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8459-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Lamas-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-7459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Forestry Management and Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Morphology and Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Delgado-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group RNM-282 Microgeodesia Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matus","family":"Bakon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insar.sk Ltd., Lesna 35, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Finance, Accounting and Mathematical Methods, Faculty of Management and Business, University of Presov, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Lazecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"},{"name":"IT4Innovations, VSB-TU Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Perissin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raser Limited, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"CIRGEO, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Papco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 810 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science INESC-TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICOLD (2020, April 30). 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